Crowding perception: A case study of developed systematic literature review procedure with multiple software programs as management and synthesis tools

The aim of this paper is to presents a case study that implements a proposed procedure for conducting a systematic literature review (SLR). The case study is in the field of crowding perception. Following the traditional data processing model, the proposed procedure consists of seven stages: 1) planning the review, 2) conducting the review, 3), organization and preparation for synthesis, 4) actual coding, 5) data extraction & organization, 6) data synthesis, and 7) reporting the review. In addition, the proposed procedure includes the usage of four software programs as supporting tools. The paper includes detailed steps on how each stage has been implemented to systemati-cally review the crowding perception literature. The proposed SLR procedure and the case study presented in this paper offer an effective process of literature review. A specific contribution of this study to SLR is expanding the tools usage to include other software programs

Mulheres idosas: desvelando suas vivências e necessidades de cuidado

Estudo qualitativo com abordagem da fenomenologia social que objetivou a compreensão da vivência da mulher idosa, suas necessidades de cuidado e expectativas nesse período da vida. Participaram nove mulheres, cujos depoimentos foram obtidos de fevereiro a maio de 2011, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. A mulher idosa refere limitações de ordem física, mental e social, e valoriza a preservação de sua autonomia nas atividades diárias e no cuidado consigo mesma. Refere a família como suporte fundamental e tem expectativas e necessidades de se manter saudável, da busca pelo lazer e de ter melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde para receber informações e atendimento qualificado. Nessa fase, a ausência de perspectivas relaciona-se à perda de pessoas significativas e da saúde. Este estudo revelou facetas da vivência da mulher idosa, suscitando novas investigações e a adequação do ensino, prática e gestão às reais necessidades dessa mulher

Metal Bioavailability in the Sava River Water

Metals present one of the major contamination problems for freshwater systems, such as the Sava River, due to their high toxicity, persistence, and tendency to accumulate in sediment and living organisms. The comprehensive assessment of the metal bioavailability in the Sava River encompassed the analyses of dissolved and DGT-labile metal species of nine metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the river water, as well as the evaluation of the accumulation of five metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in three organs (liver, gills, and gastrointestinal tissue) of the bioindicator organism, fish species European chub (Squalius cephalus L.).This survey was conducted mainly during the year 2006, in two sampling campaigns, in April/May and September, as periods representative for chub spawning and post-spawning. Additionally, metal concentrations were determined in the intestinal parasites acanthocephalans, which are known for their high affinity for metal accumulation. Metallothionein concentrations were also determined in three chub organs, as a commonly applied biomarker of metal exposure. Based on the metal concentrations in the river water, the Sava River was defined as weakly contaminated and mainly comparable with unpolluted rivers, which enabled the analyses of physiological variability of metal and metallothionein concentrations in the chub organs, as well as the establishment of their constitutive levels

Genome-wide screens identify Toxoplasma gondii determinants of parasite fitness in IFNγ-activated murine macrophages

Macrophages play an essential role in the early immune response against Toxoplasma and are the cell type preferentially infected by the parasite in vivo. Interferon gamma (IFNγ) elicits a variety of anti-Toxoplasma activities in macrophages. Using a genome-wide CRISPR screen we identify 353 Toxoplasma genes that determine parasite fitness in naїve or IFNγ-activated murine macrophages, seven of which are further confirmed. We show that one of these genes encodes dense granule protein GRA45, which has a chaperone-like domain, is critical for correct localization of GRAs into the PVM and secretion of GRA effectors into the host cytoplasm. Parasites lacking GRA45 are more susceptible to IFNγ-mediated growth inhibition and have reduced virulence in mice. Together, we identify and characterize an important chaperone-like GRA in Toxoplasma and provide a resource for the community to further explore the function of Toxoplasma genes that determine fitness in IFNγ-activated macrophages

Labeling TiO(2) Nanoparticles with Dyes for Optical Fluorescence Microscopy and Determination of TiO(2)-DNA Nanoconjugate Stability

Visualization of nanoparticles without intrinsic optical fluorescence properties is a significant problem when performing intracellular studies. Such is the case with titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles, when electronically linked to single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, have been proposed to be used both as gene knockout devices and as possible tumor imaging agents. By interacting with complementary target sequences in living cells, these photoinducible TiO(2)-DNA nanoconjugates have the potential to cleave intracellular genomic DNA in a sequence specific and inducible manner. The nanoconjugates also become detectable by magnetic resonance imaging with the addition of gadolinium Gd(III) contrast agents. Herein two approaches for labeling TiO(2) nanoparticles and TiO(2)-DNA nanoconjugates with optically fluorescent agents are described. This permits direct quantification of fluorescently labeled TiO(2) nanoparticle uptake in a large population of living cells (>10(4) cells). X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) is combined with fluorescent microscopy to determine the relative intracellular stability of the nanoconjugates and used to quantify intracellular nanoparticles. Imaging the DNA component of the TiO(2)-DNA nanoconjugate by fluorescent confocal microscopy within the same cell shows an overlap with the titanium signal as mapped by XFM. This strongly implies the intracellular integrity of the TiO(2)-DNA nanoconjugates in malignant cells

Immature and Mature Collagen Crosslinks Quantification Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Orbitrap

Different methodologies for collagen quantification have been described in the past. Introduction of mass spectrometry combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a high-resolution tool, which has generated novel applications in biomedical research. In this study, HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was used to characterize tissue samples from AVFs done in rats. These findings helped create a protocol for identifying and quantifying components of immature and mature collagen crosslink moieties. Two different internal standards were used: epinephrine and pyridoxine. Quantification curves were drawn by means of these standards. The goal of the experiment was to achieve accurate quantification with the minimum amount of sample. Time and cost of experiment were considerably minimized. Up to date, this method has not been tested for crosslinking quantification