Isolate and Cultivate Three Species of Blue-Green Algae from Soil Southern of Iraq and Study the Effect of Purified Microcystins from Alga Oscillatoria Pseudogeminata on Seed Germination of Tomato Plant Lycopersicon Esculentum

The present study included the diagnosis, isolation, purification and cultivation of three blue-green algal species belong to three genus represented by Aphanothece clathrata, Microcystis flos-aque and Oscillatoria pseudogeminata from the moist soil in the Al-Dafas orchards area, which is adjacent to the Tigris River in the district of Amara / Maysan province and Basra southern Iraq. The algae were cultivated in the BG-11 medium .The growth constant (k) and generation time (G) was measured for 60 days. Microcystins were purified from algae and detected qualitatively and quantitatively by using ELISA teqnique reach to 0.34 and 0.734 µg/L/50 mg of dry weight for the first and second algae respectively, While the alga O. pseudogeminata demonstrated its ability to produce microcystins at high concentration of 1.47 μg / L / 50 mg of dry weight of alga. The seeds of tomato plant Lycopersicon esculentum were treated with purified microcystins (MCs) from alga  O. pseudogeminata for 7 days with three concentrations of 0.5, 3 and 6 μg / L, in addition to the control group which was treated with distilled water. The results showed a significant decrease P≤0.05 in the germination percentage in the first and second day of the experiment under concentrations 3 and 6 μg / L reached to  0% in both compared with control group and concentration of 0.5 μg / L which their reach 26.6%. On the third to seven days of exposure, the germination percentage was range between 3.3- 86.6% when exposed to 6 µg/L compared with control group (100%). Also results showed a significant decrease p≤0.05 in the rate of germination speed, mean length of the radicale and plumule, fresh and dry weight with increasing of period exposure and purified microcystins concentration exactly at high concentration 6 μg / L. Keywords: Purified microcystins, A. clathrata, M. flos-aque O.pseudogeminata, Seed germination, L. esculentu

Toxic effects of cyanobacterial alga N. muscurum on some physiological parameters in blood of Ctenopharyngodon idella VaL.1844

                                      Study included feeding juvenile grass carp Ctenophartyngodon idella on toxic alga Nostoc muscurum as solitary and mixture feeding ( toxic alga and clover) as compared with fed on clover only ( control group ) with three feeding periods ( 24 h, 15 days and 35 days ) to evaluated toxic effects of these types of food on some blood parameters and activity of some liver enzymes in blood of C. idella juvenile . Study showed significant decreasing in mean of red blood corpuscles (RBCs) , white blood corpuscles (WBCs), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein in blood plasma when C. idella juvenile fed on toxic alga and fed on mixture feeding compared with control group with increasing food periods . Also study showed highly significant increasing P<0.05 in activity of some liver enzymes represented by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase ( AST) in all feeding periods when C. idella juvenile fed on toxic alga and mixture feeding compared with control group with notes reduction in survival percentage and means weight of juvenile after fed on toxic alga and mixture feeding .

Toxic effects of cyanobacterial alga N. muscurum on some physiological parameters in blood of Ctenopharyngodon idella VaL.1844

                                      Study included feeding juvenile grass carp Ctenophartyngodon idella on toxic alga Nostoc muscurum as solitary and mixture feeding ( toxic alga and clover) as compared with fed on clover only ( control group ) with three feeding periods ( 24 h, 15 days and 35 days ) to evaluated toxic effects of these types of food on some blood parameters and activity of some liver enzymes in blood of C. idella juvenile . Study showed significant decreasing in mean of red blood corpuscles (RBCs) , white blood corpuscles (WBCs), Haemoglobin (Hb), Packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein in blood plasma when C. idella juvenile fed on toxic alga and fed on mixture feeding compared with control group with increasing food periods . Also study showed highly significant increasing P<0.05 in activity of some liver enzymes represented by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase ( AST) in all feeding periods when C. idella juvenile fed on toxic alga and mixture feeding compared with control group with notes reduction in survival percentage and means weight of juvenile after fed on toxic alga and mixture feeding .

The Mock Application of the Insolvency Law by the Jordanian Courts: Lessons Learnt from Indonesia

Jordan is currently going through difficult economic conditions whose features have begun to crystallize clearly since the outbreak of crises and wars in Syria and Iraq. In addition to that, the year 2020 brought with it the unknown to further complicate the Jordanian economic situation. In order to find a comprehensive solution, the Jordanian legislator used some international references, such as the principles of effective systems of creditors’ rights and insolvency issued by the World Bank and the Legislative Guide to the Insolvency Law issued by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) to rescue faltering economic projects or those that are about to stumble. The study resulted in the issuance of the Jordanian Insolvency Law No. 21 of 2018. This paper aims to identify the insolvency standard of the Jordanian courts and its impact on Jordan's economy. By applying a qualitative legal approach, this paper analyses the mock application of the Insolvency Law by the Jordanian courts. It also examines the insolvency standard followed by the Jordanian courts via juridical-normative with descriptive analysis. The finding shows that applying the insolvency law in Jordan is still a theory. Jordanian courts should cautiously extend the scope of insolvency theory for the law to achieve the purpose for which it was issued. Comparing the practice in Indonesia, which has switched from the insolvency test concept to the presumption of bankruptcy, this is a lesson because, in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, companies will find it challenging to request reports due to uncertain situations. According to the financial aspect, large companies are still good, but companies are reluctant to pay debts. This condition means that if the system used is a bankruptcy test, this case cannot be brought to the Commercial Court, so the court cannot force debtors who are reluctant to pay their debt obligations

Extraction and Purification of Neurotoxin (Anatoxin-a) From Blue-green Alga Pesudoanabaena limnetica and Indicating Its Histopathological Effects on The Brain of Male Laboratory Mice (Mus Musculus L.)

The current study included isolating, purifying and cultivation the blue- green alga P.limnetica and recording for the first time in the province of Basra and Iraq and was diagnosed for its ability to produce neurotoxin (Anatoxin-a) .The toxin was extracted and purified from alga and quantify its quantitative and qualitative concentration using ELISA-KITS as it reached 1.179 µg/L for 50mg D.W of (=23.58µ/L for 1gm D.W). The diagnosis of algae as the product of this type of toxins study is the first of its kind on this specific species and the scarcity of species known for the production of neuropathy. The physical properties of the purified toxin were studied using ultraviolet radiation techniques with a single absorbance peak on the wavelength 226 nm and infrared spectrum as most of the active groups in the standard toxin composition. The study also examined for the first time locally and globally the statement of the histopathological effects of the purified toxin on the brain of the laboratory male mice in few concentrations, for a period of 15 days administration, where many of the histopathological effects were observed, which increased with increased concentration and represented decay in the thickness of the gray matter and the karyopicknosis of the nuclei of the glial cell nuclei and shrinkage of neurons at the concentration 0.5 µg/L and  by increasing the concentration to 1 µg/L  there was significant and clear decay in the thickness of the gray area and a decrease in the number of glial cells and the disappearance of most of them with increased shrinkage of neurons. The results showed that there was congestion of the capillaries at the concentration 0.5µg/L and the decay of the The disappearance of the endothelial cells lining the blood vessel and may disappear completely with the expansion and congestion more when the concentration of neurotoxin increased to 1µg/L and the white matter was seen as spongiform at the end of the period of exposure to the toxin and the emergence of cases of hyperpigmentation and edema compared with the control group. The study also showed that physiological effects of anatoxin-a on male laboratory mice represented a significant loss of weight, hair loss and loss of sight within a short period of 7-10 days of exposure to toxin which indicates the seriousness of this type of toxins, So far there were very few concentrations. Key words: Blue-green algae, P. limnentica, Purification and Extraction, Anatoxin-a, Histopathological effect

Toxic Effects of Low Concentration of Cyanotoxin (Microcystin¬-LR) on Mice and Study of Protective Efficacy of the Antioxidants Vitamins (C&E) and Capparis spinosa L. Root Extract

In this study the protective efficacy of vitamin C&amp;E and  ethanolic  extract roots of C.spinosa against toxic effects of algal toxin (Microcystin –LR) in mice  were done .Results showed significant decreasing p≤0.05 in values of hemoglobin (HB) and packed cell volume  (PCV) reach to 7.77 and 27.23 g/l in blood of mice treated  with  low  concentration of cyanotoxin (MC-LR = 0.15 ug/kg/day) compared with control group which reach to 12.21 and  40.22 respectively. Significant increasing were showed in some liver enzymes  ALT,AST and ALP when exposed to toxin only  which reach to 68.80 , 167.85 and 274 U/l respectively compared with control group , While groups treated with vitamins and extract showed non -significant differences with control group in values of blood parameters and enzymes. Histopathological  changes in liver  when group treated with toxin only represented by pyknotic hepatocyte , hypertrophy , binucleation  , infiltration of lymphocyte, karyolysis. While  kidney showed hypertrophy of cell glomerular arterioles , metaplasia of squamous epithelial tissue of bowman capsule wall in to cuboidal, hypertrophy of renal tubules cells , hyperplasia , also results showed the important role of vitamin C&amp;E and root extract of C. spinosa to keep the normal values of blood parameters and prevent histological changes as control group. Keywords: Algal toxin ( Microcystin-LR) ,  protective efficacy of  Vitamin C&amp;E  ,  C.spinos

Isolation and Classification of Green Alga Stigeoclonium attenuatum and Evaluation of its Ability to Prepare Zinc Oxide Nanoflakes for Methylene Blue Photodegradation by Sunlight

           Algae have been used in different applications in various fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, environmental treatments, and biotechnology. Studies show that the preparation of nanoparticles by a green synthesis method is a promising solution to many medical and environmental issues. In the current study, the green alga Stigeoclonium attenuatum (Hazen) F.S. Collins 1909 was isolated and identified from the Al-Hillah River (Governorate of Babylon) in the middle of Iraq. The green synthesis by the aqueous extract of algae was used to prepare the nanoflakes of ZnO. Nanoflakes of ZnO are characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with flakes shape and dimensions ranging between 200-500 nm and thickness between 20-23 nm. And this study comprises a test of ZnO nanoflakes efficiency as a photocatalyst factor, thus experiments set of an aqueous solution of methylene blue with ZnO nanoflakes and exposed to sunlight have been conducted. The absorbance of methylene blue at 660 nm reduces over time and almost vanishes between 60-120 minutes. Consequently, it is obvious that in the presence of sunlight, pristine ZnO nanoflakes are photocatalytically active with a degradation efficiency of 97%. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoflakes that were prepared by aqueous extract of algae was evaluated against some resistant strains of bacteria Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus sp. and the antibacterial activity of NPs rises as concentration increases 50, 100, and 150 μg/ml

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) associates with the tumour immune microenvironment but not progression in invasive breast carcinoma

Some previous studies have reported that the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7) plays a role in breast cancer, is associated with lymph node metastasis and drives the site of distant metastasis. However, the impact of its expression on patient outcome and its association with tumour infiltrating inflammatory cells remain to be validated. We evaluated CCR7 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in a large well characterized cohort (n = 866) of early invasive primary breast cancers. CCR7 was expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of tumour cells. We observed a weak positive association of high CCR7 expression when in either cellular component, but not both together, with axillary lymph node stage 3 tumours (p = 0.043). Logistic regression analysis of lymph node stage revealed no independent predictive value for CCR7 expression. CCR7 expression was higher in HER2 positive tumours (p = 0.03) and associated with positive CD68+ FOXP3+ tumour infiltrating cells. CCR7 staining was negatively associated with CD3+ cells. There was no significant association of CCR7 expression with breast cancer recurrence or survival. We conclude that while CCR7 is not a useful biomarker for predicting lymph node metastasis, it may reflect altered intra- and inter-cellular signalling related to the immune microenvironment. The subcellular localization of CCR7 appears to affect the nature of these interactions

Evaluation of the cytotoxic effects of the colchicine compound isolated from the leaves of Calotropis procera (Ait) against MCF-7 and SK-GT-4 cancer cell lines.

Alkaloids are regarded as important nitrogen-containing chemical compounds that serve as a rich source for discovering and developing new drugs where most plant-origin alkaloids have antiproliferation effects on different kinds of cancers. Alkaloids’ continence of Calotropis procera leaves are detected by two biochemical alkaloid reagents. Also GC-MS analysis for leaf alkaloid extract was done that showed the existence of one type of alkaloid compound at retention time12.8min detected as colchicine (C22H25N06( by comparing it with colchicine standard reference (Sigma Aldrich) with M.wt 399g/mol and percentage area 7.1%. Furthermore, identification, separation, and purification for purified colchicine compound were conducted by HPLC technique  that gave one main peak at RT reached 2.5min compared with the standard reference. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of purified colchicine on two (MCF-7 &SK-GT-4) cell lines revealed significant cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line that was superior to its cytotoxicity on the SK-GT4 cell line. With calculated IC50 reached 55.33µg/ml &522 µg/ml respectively