Appraisal of A1c% level in healthy Sudanese pregnant women in reference to body mass index

Background: Pregnancy is a major endocrine event in the female lifespan, involving wide-ranged and often dramatic changes in the metabolism of various hormones. Cross sectional, case control, analytical quantitative study was conducted in Sudan, Khartoum state in Yastabsheron obstetric hospital during the period from March to August 2011. Analytical and statistical methods were applied to measure the concentration of A1c% in healthy pregnant women as well as in healthy non-pregnant women to assess the difference in the results.Methods: Blood samples were taken from a total of 90 healthy pregnant women (case group) and 30 healthy non-pregnant women (control group), then samples were analyzed for A1c% by using affinity chromatography technique, and results were recorded in addition to their age, body mass index and the number of pregnancies.Results: showed that, the mean concentration of the A1c% in cases group was (4.407±1.054%) in first trimester, (4.797±0.631) % in second trimester and (4.833±0.626) % in third trimester, and (5.670±0.471%) in control group with a P value of 0.00, indicating the highly significant difference between the two groups. Others finding showed that the mean concentration of A1c% of the first trimester is lower than that of the second and third trimesters, also there was no significant difference between the mean concentration of the second and third trimester. A significant weak positive correlation between A1c% concentration with body mass index and the age of pregnant women.Conclusions: Healthy normal pregnant women have lower A1c% concentrations than non-pregnant women which can be impute to the reduce in plasma glucose values and to the shortened erythrocyte life span that can occur during pregnancy. The body mass index and age affect the concentration of A1c% c, but it is not affected by gravida

Gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase as biochemical markers of severity of preeclampsia among Sudanese pregnant women

Background: Preeclampsia is a disorder of widespread vascular endothelial malfunction and vasospasm that occurs after 20 weeks' gestation and can present as late as 4-6 weeks post-partum. Pre-eclampsia is a syndrome with multiple aetiologies which has made it difficult to develop adequate screening tests and treatments. Objective of this study to assess the level of gamma glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase as biochemical markers of severity of preeclampsia in Sudanese pregnant women.Methods: This is a case control hospitalize base study. The study was conducted in preeclamptic pregnant women in Omdurman maternity hospital and medical military hospital in Khartoum state. In this study glutamyl transferase and lactate de-hydrogenase was estimation in 100 Sudanese pregnant women by spectrophotometer method, 50 of them were diagnosed with preeclampsia 27 from this is severe preeclampsia and 23 is mild preeclampsia was matched in aged. Serum samples of all the cases were assayed for GGT and LDH. The data was recorded and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPS –version 16) on programmed computer. The mean standard deviations of variable were calculated for both the test group and the control group and P value for comparison was obtained.Results: The mean values of plasma gamma glutamyl transferase in mild and severe preeclamptic pregnant women were insignificant difference when compared to control P value (0.346 - 0.089) respectively. The mean values of plasma lactate dehydrogenase in mild and severe preeclamptic pregnant women were significant increase when compared to control P value (0.008 - 0.001) respectively.Conclusions: The levels of LDH is raised in Sudanese pregnant women with hypertensive also can be useful biochemical marker that reflects the severity of and the occurrence of complications of pre-eclampsia. GGT levels were normal in Sudanese pregnant women with hypertensive preeclampsia

Changes in blood and urine parameters among pregnant women during third trimester

Background: During pregnancy, the pregnant lady undergoes significant anatomical and physiological changes in order to nurture and accommodate the developing fetus. These changes begin after conception and affect every organ system in the body.Methods: The study was carried out in the United Arab Emirates - Ajman (Thumbay Hospital) during the period of (March - Jun) in the year of 2018 to estimate HbA1c% levels, hematological blood parameters and urine culture in healthy pregnant women during 3rd trimester. The study was conducted on (108) healthy pregnant women during3rd trimester. Urine culture was performed to detect the growth of bacteria after the culture, gram stain was done to differentiate the bacteria followed by biochemical test to detect the type of bacteria.Results: A total 26 (79%) of patients had normal HbA1c% result while 7(21%) had elevated HbA1c% result. The results of HbA1c% in last trimester mean±SD (range) HbA1c% (n=33) were 5.5±0.52% (111.5±14.8 mg/dL). Also, our results showed strong positive correlation between HbA1% with estimated Average blood glucose (r=0.78, P value=0.00), and weak positive correlation between HbA1 with age (years) (r=0.2, P value=0.02). Bacterial culture showed that two positive results of stenotrophomonas maltophilia was isolated, three cases of Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and three cases of staphylococcus saprophyticus. Hematological profile showed a clinically significant (≤ 0.05) in Hb mean 11.47, P value 0.001, HCT mean, 33.9 P value 0.001 and MCV mean 73.7 value 0.001. No clinically significant (≥ 0.05) in RBCs mean 3.93, P value 0.010, MCH mean 27.3 P value 0.061 and MCHC mean 30.9 P value 0.134.Conclusions: Our study conclude that estimation of HbA1c%, hematological blood parameters and urine culture level in last trimester will be helpful in diagnosis, monitoring and predicting fetal distress

Reduced leptin concentrations in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sudan.

Differences have been observed in the relationship between leptin and metabolic perturbations in glucose homeostasis. Because no information is available from indigenous African populations with diabetes, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible associations between leptin and different clinical and biochemical characteristics of a large group of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Sudan. A total of 104 (45 men and 59 women) consecutive type 2 diabetes patients and 75 control subjects (34 men and 41 women) were studied. The body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, serum insulin, and proinsulin were measured and related to serum leptin concentrations. Leptin was higher in females than in males and correlated significantly to BMI. The main novel finding was that serum leptin was significantly lower in diabetic subjects compared with controls in both females (P =.0001) and males (P =.019), although BMI did not differ between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects treated with sulphonylurea (n = 81) had lower BMI than those treated with diet alone or other hypoglycemic drugs (n = 23) (P =.0017), but there was no difference in leptin levels between the 2 groups after adjustment for BMI (P =.87). In diabetic subjects, serum leptin correlated positively with the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) of both beta-cell function (P =.018) and insulin resistance (P =.038), whereas in control subjects, leptin correlated with insulin resistance (P =.0016), but not with beta-cell function. Diabetic subjects had higher proinsulin levels (P =.0031) and higher proinsulin to insulin ratio (P =.0003) than nondiabetic subjects. In univariate analysis, proinsulin showed a weak correlation to leptin (P =.049). In conclusion, we show in a large cohort of Sudanese subjects with type 2 diabetes that circulating leptin levels are lower in diabetic subjectss than in controls of similar age and BMI. The lower serum leptin in diabetic subjects may be a consequence of differences in fat distribution