Austria-Hungary in British public opinion 1866-1918.

Thesis ()--Boston UniversityAustria-Hungary was the first major power to be destroyed by nationalism which triumphed in Europe between the two World Wars and now appears as determining force in Asia and Africa. Today friction among ethnic groups in all parts of the world, financial burdens resulting from military preparedness, threats of Russian expansion, and the obstacles to any political or economic European union renew interest in similar difficulties which confronted the Habsburg Empire. Great Britain's reaction to conditions in Austria-Hungary vividly illustrates the multiplicity of factors in public opinion--the constant struggle between emotion and considered judgment as well as the importance of basic cultural, religious, and political beliefs which color all ideas and attitudes

Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law

Gindis, David, Ernst Freund as Precursor of the Rational Study of Corporate Law (October 27, 2017). Journal of Institutional Economics, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2905547, doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905547The rise of large business corporations in the late 19th century compelled many American observers to admit that the nature of the corporation had yet to be understood. Published in this context, Ernst Freund's little-known The Legal Nature of Corporations (1897) was an original attempt to come to terms with a new legal and economic reality. But it can also be described, to paraphrase Oliver Wendell Holmes, as the earliest example of the rational study of corporate law. The paper shows that Freund had the intuitions of an institutional economist, and engaged in what today would be called comparative institutional analysis. Remarkably, his argument that the corporate form secures property against insider defection and against outsiders anticipated recent work on entity shielding and capital lock-in, and can be read as an early contribution to what today would be called the theory of the firm.Peer reviewe

The Eleventh and Twelfth Data Releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final Data from SDSS-III

The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All of the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 deg2 of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include the measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 5200 deg2 of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 deg2; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra. \ua9 2015. The American Astronomical Society

1999 Integrated Cotton Management Demonstration

An Integrated Cotton Management (ICM) Demonstration project was conducted on the Demonstration Farm at the Maricopa Agricultural Center in 1999 for the second year. In this project, all current guidelines and recommendations disseminated by the University of Arizona were integrated in a systems approach for cotton production. The Extension Specialists in agronomy, entomology, irrigation management, weed sciences, and plant pathology following the University recommendations made the management decisions. On a 52.7 acre field, 78% Bt and 22% non-Bt cotton was planted into moisture on April 9, 1999. Because of problems with cool temperatures and deep seeding, a stand of only 25,000 plants/acre was established. Weed control was achieved with one preplant application and two cultivations. The field was sprayed three times for lygus and two times for whitefly control. Approximately 38.6 acre-inches of irrigation water was applied. An average of 3005 lb/acre of seed cotton were harvested. After harvesting, a field budget was established. The variable costs per acre were $594.96 and the total cost was$957.96/acre. Average micronaire was 4.45, strength was 28.41 gm/Tex, length was 1.10 (1/100 in.) and grade color was 21. The price received for the cotton was 74.82¢/lb, including LPD and hail damage payments, just over 3¢/lb below the break-even price. An additional $139/acre in PFC payments was received but not calculated into the budget. This project demonstrates the utility and compatibility of current recommendations and the potential for integration of all disciplinary guidelines in one system

1998 Demonstration Project of Arizona Irrigated Cotton Production

The Demonstration project was conducted on the Demonstration Farm at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. In this project all current guidelines and recommendations disseminated by the University of Arizona were integrated in a systems approach. The management decisions were made by the Extension Specialists in agronomy, entomology, irrigation management, weed sciences, and plant pathology following the University recommendations. On a 50.5 acre field 80% Bt and 20% non-Bt cotton was planted dry and watered up. Due to the cold spring and sand-blasting, only a stand of 30,900 plants/A could be established with 84% terminal damage. 72 acreinches of water were used with 41.3 acre-inches in postplant irrigations. Weed control could be achieved with one preplant application and three cultivations. Three sprays against Lygus and one spray against whiteflies were necessary after the thresholds were exceeded. A total of 4120 lb seedcotton per acre were harvested, with 32.7% lint turnout (2.81 bales/A) and 45.9% seed turnout (1891 lb/A). After harvesting a field budget was established. The variable costs per acre were $915, the total cost$1266/acre. In spite of the lack of replications this project validates the usefulness and compatibility of University recommendations and the potential for integration of all disciplinary guidelines in one system