Democratic Development and the Role of Citizenship Education in Sub-Saharan African with a Case Focus on Zambia

In addressing issues related to problems of democratisation in Africa, this paper attempts to relate the issue to the need for citizenship education and the role that can play in social development. Citizenship should be central to the formation of viable civil societies that claim a tangible stake in national public spaces in post-Cold War Africa. These and related topics are discussed relative to new possibilities that could lead to the full realisation of the concept as well as the practice of enfranchised citizenship and inclusive social development in aspiring democracies in the Sub Saharan African context. The complexity of the development ‘problematique’ that Sub-Saharan Africa is facing is unique in that it is multi-dimensional, but above all else, politically located. It is, therefore, central to our discussions here that to correct the continent’s current schemes of underdevelopment, pragmatic schemes of governance must be achieved. To do that, we are suggesting, new possibilities of citizenship education should be formulated for the general African scene in general, and for democratising but still both institutionally and economically weakened Zambia

Matching bias in syllogistic reasoning: Evidence for a dual-process account from response times and confidence ratings

We examined matching bias in syllogistic reasoning by analysing response times, confidence ratings, and individual differences. Roberts’ (2005) “negations paradigm” was used to generate conflict between the surface features of problems and the logical status of conclusions. The experiment replicated matching bias effects in conclusion evaluation (Stupple & Waterhouse, 2009), revealing increased processing times for matching/logic “conflict problems”. Results paralleled chronometric evidence from the belief bias paradigm indicating that logic/belief conflict problems take longer to process than non-conflict problems (Stupple, Ball, Evans, & Kamal-Smith, 2011). Individuals’ response times for conflict problems also showed patterns of association with the degree of overall normative responding. Acceptance rates, response times, metacognitive confidence judgements, and individual differences all converged in supporting dual-process theory. This is noteworthy because dual-process predictions about heuristic/analytic conflict in syllogistic reasoning generalised from the belief bias paradigm to a situation where matching features of conclusions, rather than beliefs, were set in opposition to logic

Autecology of Selected Genera of Mississippian, Permian and Triassic Ammonoids: Analysis of Coiling Geometries

Ammonoids were collected from the Chainman Formation (Mississippian) of southeastern Nevada and southwestern Utah, the Phosphoria Formation (Permian) of southeastern Idaho and westernmost Wyoming, and the Thaynes Formation (Triassic) of northeastern Nevada and southeastern Idaho. The collections are interpreted to represent unwinnowed, untransported death assemblages of ammonoids which were subject to chemical conditions of the nekto-benthic environment. Associated lithologies were sampled and geochemically analyzed for content of phosphate and organic matter. Ammonoid fossil collections, combined with ammonoids ilustrated in the literature, were subjected to the graphical W and D analysis of Raup (1967). The basic parameteres involved in the description of shell-coiling geometry are whorl expansion rate, W, and the distance of the generating curve from the axis of coiling of the shell, D. Values of W determined range from 1.32 to 3.96, which correspond to slight and rapid increases in whorl height during coiling. Values of D determined range from 0.02 to 0.55, which correspond to extremes of involute and evolute coiling· geometries, respectively. Body chamber length corresponds with shell coiling geometry. Values determined in this study range from 10° to 540°. Corresponding W values are 3.96 and 1.50, whereas corresponding D values are 0.02 and 0.40, respectively. Average body chamber length in analyzed ammonoids is observed to decrease from 297° to 209° from Mississippian to Triassic time. Increase in apertural area accompanied this trend, and a possible consequence was that a greater range of prey sizes was afforded ammonoids with shorter body chambers. Life-orientation, described as the angle between the apertural plane and the gravitational vector, is calculated entirely on shell form and other geometrical considerations. Recent observations concerning Nautilus, combined with fossil evidence of epizoan encrustation suggest that ammonoids had an ability to control orientation, which is not observed from preservable morphology. From Mississippian to Triassic time, no trends in reconstructed life-orientation can be substantiated, based solely on Wand D values. Rotational stability during directed locomotion is important for conservation of the energy budget of this nektonic carnivorous organ­ ism. This property is calculated by the distance between the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity of the ammonoid. Values deter­ mined range from .04 (very unstable) to .16 (very stable). Corres­ ponding W values are 1.50 and 4.00 where corresponding D values are 0.20 and 0.02, respectively. A trend toward increasing average rota­tional stability (.07 to .10) is noted for amrnonoids from Mississippian to Triassic time. Efficiency in the utilization of calcium carbonate is the ratio of internal volume of the shell to volume of shell material. Values determined range from 5.80 to 7.25. Corresponding W values are 4.00 and 1.50, corresponding D values are 0.02 and 0.54, respectively. Abundant ammonoids found in black, phosphatic limestones rich in organic matter have an average efficiency value of 6.2. Abundant ammonoids from corresponding light-colored crystalline carbonates have an average efficiency value of 6.02, and indicate no correlation between effi­ciency and abundance. Size-frequency distributions are utilized in recognition of oppor­tunistic species of ammonoids. High numerical abundance, high mortality rate of juveniles, small size and conservation of calcium carbonate typifies the paleo-opportunistic species Cravenoceras, Psuedogastrio­ceras and Ophiceras. Biovolume-relative abundance distributions are useful in discerning the carrying capacity of the habitat both in number of individuals and species diversity. A large area under the biovolume-relative abun­dance profile indicates diversification under optimum environmental conditions; a small area under the profile indicates colonization of a stressful habitat. The Chainman, Phosphoria and Thaynes (Columbites Zone) Formations have ammonoid assemblages which show small areas under the biovolume-relative abundance profile, characteristic of anoxic environmental stress. The Permian stratigraphic units correlative with the Phosphoria Formation have ammonoid assemblages which show large areas under the profile and the associated lithologies, i.e., light­ gray,crystalline carbonates, suggest environments which could support a diversified ammonoid fauna, including large-sized species. Ontogenetic variation produces changes in the body chamber length, life orientation, rotational stability, and utilization of calcium carbonate of the analyzed genera of ammonoids. These ontogenetic variations usually resulted in the development of more involute shell-coiling geometries. Corresponding size-frequency distributions suggest increased mortality rates during ontogeny for some genera (Paracravenoceras, Medlicottia) which show decreasing efficiency in the utilization of calcium carbonate. (182 pages

Miners' nystagmus

I am of opinion that -(1) Miners' nystagmus is an occupational disease, arising from a disturbance in the neuro -motor apparatus of the eye. That it can justly be classified with other forms of nystagmus, (as it frequently is in congenital and non -industrial cases, secondary to some defect in the sensory part of the visual mechanism)(2) That it is not a complete disease in itself connected with one particular cause. In mild cases the oscillations are limited to the eyes themselves, but in other cases there are associated tremors of the muscles of the eyelids, head, neck and even of the upper part of the trunk, shoulders, arms and legs.(3) That the oscillations and tremors are due to an over- action, or exhaustion of the higher motor nerve control centres in the brain, which may extend to any group of nerve centres.(4) That in my opinion the following conditions are all conducive to the onset of the disease.(a) defective ventilation and absorption of nine cases.(b) defective illumination, (which does away with yellow spot fixation).(c) Conditions tending to disturb the body equilibrium, such as, rhythmic movements, the eyes remaining fixed, and the strenuous work involved in unnatural positions.(d) Contributary factors are, excess of tobacco and alcohol. Oral sepsis and other illnesses.(5) Different countries attach different degrees of importance as to nystagmus as a disabling factor. In every country some men continue working although suffering with nystagmus, and there is no doubt that added importance has been given to the condition by the benevolent working of the Compensation Acts, especially by the admission of cases, when the wording of the Act was changed.(6) That it is a fact that the associated symptoms and the mental attitude are as disabling factors as the eye oscillations.(7) That errors of refraction have little or no influence on the production of nystagmus. men with bad eyesight, corneal opacities, etc., can find employment in mines and earn full wages. Nefractive errors there found should be corrected.(8) That miners' nystagmus is recoverable in a general way. nest may be required for a year or more. (Vide table p, 49 -51) The eyes resume their previous standard of vision, when steady, in uncomplicated cases.(9) That work above ground should be given where possible, and if less remunerative partial compensation; or better still a lump sum should be offered in settlement. This has been the practice in West Cumberland lately and curiously enough often has a curative effect. That the economic problem is greatly complicated by the over staffing of our mines, and men, known to have been certified, cannot find employment; and, even if both parties are willing, work above ground cannot often be found.(10) That the ideal :'could be to form a colony for such men with outside work, which would be beneficial to themselves and the country

A Survey of the Existing Production Facilities in the School Districts in the State of Washington

A survey conducted to determine: (1) what facilities exist now in Washington State\u27s public schools for the production of instructional materials; (2) who staffs these facilities; and (3) how these facilities are utilized so it can be decided what is necessary for an adequate production program

The Feast of Languages: A Perspectival Reading of James Joyce’s Ulysses

Criticism of James Joyce’s Ulysses has often centered on the novel’s unconventional narrative structure. Most critics recognize a consistent style in the first six episodes of the novel, but, beginning with the seventh episode, “Aeolus,” the narration changes rapidly and dramatically. This proliferation of voices has led many critics to suggest that the novel represents a break from the traditional view of literature as imitating nature. To the contrary, I argue that Ulysses should be read as a work of representational fiction modeled in large part on the multi-perspectival nonfiction of Daniel Defoe, especially his extended journalistic work The Storm (1704). From his reading of Defoe, Joyce realized that a complex subject is best captured through the use of diverse, often contrasting, perspectives, genres, and styles. Consequently, while resembling a postmodern work, Ulysses remains in the mimetic tradition, though Joyce’s multiperspectival approach pushes this tradition to its limit

Closing Poverty-Related Attainment Gaps in Scotland's Schools : What Works?

The poverty-related attainment gap is an issue for every school and every local authority in Scotland. There are many different ways to tackle it, from greater parental involvement, to improving teacher retention and quality, to pedagogical and curriculum change, to school and authority-wide management measures. Successful change will be informed by research evidence of 'what works'. This IPPI Policy Brief distills research evidence into an "at a glance" guide to reducing poverty-related attainment gaps. Its aim is to inform teaching professionals, school and education leaders, policy makers, politicians, parents and citizens about the issue

Evaluation of the suitability of 3M type 1463 projection sheeting for optometric testing

Evaluation of the suitability of 3M type 1463 projection sheeting for optometric testin

Ned in the Block-House A Tale of Early Days in the West

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