5,234 research outputs found
Medial/skeletal linking structures for multi-region configurations
We consider a generic configuration of regions, consisting of a collection of
distinct compact regions in which may be
either smooth regions disjoint from the others or regions which meet on their
piecewise smooth boundaries in a generic way. We introduce a
skeletal linking structure for the collection of regions which simultaneously
captures the regions' individual shapes and geometric properties as well as the
"positional geometry" of the collection. The linking structure extends in a
minimal way the individual "skeletal structures" on each of the regions,
allowing us to significantly extend the mathematical methods introduced for
single regions to the configuration.
We prove for a generic configuration of regions the existence of a special
type of Blum linking structure which builds upon the Blum medial axes of the
individual regions. This requires proving several transversality theorems for
certain associated "multi-distance" and "height-distance" functions for such
configurations. We show that by relaxing the conditions on the Blum linking
structures we obtain the more general class of skeletal linking structures
which still capture the geometric properties.
In addition to yielding geometric invariants which capture the shapes and
geometry of individual regions, the linking structures are used to define
invariants which measure positional properties of the configuration such as:
measures of relative closeness of neighboring regions and relative significance
of the individual regions for the configuration. These invariants, which are
computed by formulas involving "skeletal linking integrals" on the internal
skeletal structures, are then used to construct a "tiered linking graph," which
identifies subconfigurations and provides a hierarchical ordering of the
regions.Comment: 135 pages, 36 figures. Version to appear in Memoirs of the Amer.
Math. So
Challenges facing green space: is statute the answer?
Against a backdrop of austerity, characterised by public-sector funding cuts and a devolutionary agenda, this paper explores how legislation might address two, inter-related challenges which face public urban green space ('greenspace') in England and Wales; namely, responsibility for provision, and identification of supporting funds. It focuses on two proposals; first, the introduction of legislative powers to enable local authorities to create user-charging schemes, and secondly, the imposition of a local authority statutory duty to provide greenspace
Regulation of the hrp Type III Secretion System in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
Pseudomonas syringae pv. DC3000 is a gram-negative bacterium that infects the model
plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Pathogenicity is achieved via secretion of effector proteins into
the host cytoplasm through a Type III Secretion System (T3SS). In Ps. DC3000 the T3SS (and
associated effector proteins) are dependent on HrpL for their transcription. hrpL
transcription is sigma54-dependent and requires two co-dependent enhancer binding
proteins, HrpR and HrpS (HrpRS), for activation. HrpRS are regulated by two hrpL-dependent
proteins, HrpV and HrpG, where HrpV negatively affects HrpRS activity and HrpG relieves
this repression.
Here the mechanism of HrpV and HrpG’s action on HrpRS activity was tested in vivo and in
vitro; and the molecular determinants of HrpV and HrpG functionality were characterised by
in silico and mutational analysis. Whole-gene deletion mutants of hrpV and hrpG in Ps.
DC3000 revealed complications associated with inserting marker cassettes in
transcriptionally-antagonistic orientations. Truncation mutants of HrpV and HrpG showed
that C-terminal helices in both proteins play a functional and/or structural role. Alanine
mutants indicated a structural role for residues 108-110 in HrpV and a functional role for
residues 111-113 in HrpG (NQR motif). HrpV was demonstrated to form a dimer and
represses the activity of HrpRS (in vivo and in vitro) but not via inhibiting ATPase activity or
destabilising open promoter complexes. HrpG was shown to destabilise the HrpV dimer
(potentially via the C-terminal NQR motif). Findings from this study were used to propose a
revised model of hrpL regulation in which an active dimer of HrpV binds two adjacent HrpS
subunits of a HrpRS hexamer to “lock” the hexamer in an unfavourable conformation. HrpG
acts by destabilising the HrpV dimer into an inactive monomeric form. Additional
experiments to confirm this model include creating an artificially linked dimer of HrpV and
testing its repressive action on HrpRS in the presence or absence of HrpG
The alphaviruses: gene expression, replication, and evolution
The alphaviruses are a genus of 26 enveloped viruses that cause disease in humans and domestic animals. Mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods serve as vectors for these viruses. The complete sequences of the +/- 11.7-kb plus-strand RNA genomes of eight alphaviruses have been determined, and partial sequences are known for several others; this has made possible evolutionary comparisons between different alphaviruses as well as comparisons of this group of viruses with other animal and plant viruses. Full-length cDNA clones from which infectious RNA can be recovered have been constructed for four alphaviruses; these clones have facilitated many molecular genetic studies as well as the development of these viruses as expression vectors. From these and studies involving biochemical approaches, many details of the replication cycle of the alphaviruses are known. The interactions of the viruses with host cells and host organisms have been exclusively studied, and the molecular basis of virulence and recovery from viral infection have been addressed in a large number of recent papers. The structure of the viruses has been determined to about 2.5 nm, making them the best-characterized enveloped virus to date. Because of the wealth of data that has appeared, these viruses represent a well-characterized system that tell us much about the evolution of RNA viruses, their replication, and their interactions with their hosts. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this group of viruses
The island of Kauai, Hawaii's progressive shoreline setback and coastal protection ordinance
Approximately two-thirds of coastal and Great Lakes states have some type of shoreline construction setback or
construction control line requiring development to be a certain distance from the shoreline or other coastal feature
(OCRM, 2008). Nineteen of 30 coastal states currently use erosion rates for new construction close to the shoreline.
Seven states established setback distances based on expected years from the shoreline: the remainder specify a fixed setback distance (Heinz Report, 2000).
Following public hearings by the County of Kauai Planning Commission and Kauai County Council, the ‘Shoreline
Setback and Coastal Protection Ordinance’ was signed by the Mayor of Kauai on January 25, 2008. After a year of
experience implementing this progressive, balanced shoreline setback ordinance several amendments were recently
incorporated into the Ordinance (#887; Bill #2319 Draft 3). The Kauai Planning Department is presently drafting
several more amendments to improve the effectiveness of the Ordinance.
The intent of shoreline setbacks is to establish a buffer zone to protect shorefront development from loss due to
coastal erosion - for a period of time; to provide protection from storm waves; to allow the natural dynamic cycles of erosion and accretion of beaches and dunes to occur; to maintain beach and dune habitat; and, to maintain lateral beach access and open space for the enjoyment of the natural shoreline environment. In addition, a primary goal of the Kauai setback ordinance is to avoid armoring or hardening of the shore which along eroding coasts has been
documented to ultimately eliminate the fronting beach. (PDF contains 4 pages
Maintenance and repair: too big to ignore
Most models of aggregate economic activity, like the standard neoclassical growth model, ignore the fact that equipment and structures are maintained and repaired. Once physical capital is purchased in these models, there are typically no more decisions made regarding its use. The theme of this article is that there is evidence to suggest that incorporating expenditures on the maintenance and repair of physical capital into models of aggregate economic activity will change the quantitative answers to some key questions that have been addressed with these models. This evidence is primarily from a little-used economywide survey in Canada. The survey shows that the activity of maintaining and repairing equipment and structures is an activity that is generally both large relative to investment and a substitute for investment to some extent—and to a large extent during some episodes.Econometric models
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