Golgi tethering factors

AbstractTransport of cargo to, through and from the Golgi complex is mediated by vesicular carriers and transient tubular connections. In this review, we describe vesicle tethering events with the understanding that similar events occur during transport via larger structures. Tethering factors can be generally divided into a group of coiled-coil proteins and a group of multi-subunit complexes. Current evidence suggests that these factors function in a variety of membrane–membrane tethering events at the Golgi complex, interact with SNARE molecules, and are regulated by small GTPases of the Rab and Arl families

Traffic-independent function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in proteasomal sorting of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

Newly synthesized proteins that do not fold correctly in the ER are targeted for ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) through distinct sorting mechanisms; soluble ERAD substrates require ER-Golgi transport and retrieval for degradation, whereas transmembrane ERAD substrates are retained in the ER. Retained transmembrane proteins are often sequestered into specialized ER subdomains, but the relevance of such sequestration to proteasomal degradation has not been explored. We used the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a model ERAD substrate, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), to explore whether CFTR is sequestered before degradation, to identify the molecular machinery regulating sequestration, and to analyze the relationship between sequestration and degradation. We report that CFTR is sequestered into ER subdomains containing the chaperone Kar2p, and that sequestration and CFTR degradation are disrupted in sec12ts strain (mutant in guanine-nucleotide exchange factor for Sar1p), sec13ts strain (mutant in the Sec13p component of COPII), and sec23ts strain (mutant in the Sec23p component of COPII) grown at restrictive temperature. The function of the Sar1p/COPII machinery in CFTR sequestration and degradation is independent of its role in ER-Golgi traffic. We propose that Sar1p/COPII-mediated sorting of CFTR into ER subdomains is essential for its entry into the proteasomal degradation pathway. These findings reveal a new aspect of the degradative mechanism, and suggest functional crosstalk between the secretory and the degradative pathways

ARF GTPases and their GEFs and GAPs: concepts and challenges

Detailed structural, biochemical, cell biological, and genetic studies of any gene/protein are required to develop models of its actions in cells. Studying a protein family in the aggregate yields additional information, as one can include analyses of their coevolution, acquisition or loss of functionalities, structural pliability, and the emergence of shared or variations in molecular mechanisms. An even richer understanding of cell biology can be achieved through evaluating functionally linked protein families. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of three protein families: the ARF GTPases, the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF GEFs) that activate them, and the GTPase-activating proteins (ARF GAPs) that have the ability to both propagate and terminate signaling. However, despite decades of scrutiny, our understanding of how these essential proteins function in cells remains fragmentary. We believe that the inherent complexity of ARF signaling and its regulation by GEFs and GAPs will require the concerted effort of many laboratories working together, ideally within a consortium to optimally pool information and resources. The collaborative study of these three functionally connected families ( \u3e /=70 mammalian genes) will yield transformative insights into regulation of cell signaling

The Arf-GEF GBF1 undergoes multi-domain structural shifts to activate Arf at the Golgi

Golgi homeostasis require the activation of Arf GTPases by the guanine-nucleotide exchange factor requires GBF1, whose recruitment to the Golgi represents a rate limiting step in the process. GBF1 contains a conserved, catalytic, Sec7 domain (Sec7d) and five additional (DCB, HUS, HDS1-3) domains. Herein, we identify the HDS3 domain as essential for GBF1 membrane association in mammalian cells and document the critical role of HDS3 during the development of Drosophila melanogaster. We show that upon binding to Golgi membranes, GBF1 undergoes conformational changes in regions bracketing the catalytic Sec7d. We illuminate GBF1 interdomain arrangements by negative staining electron microscopy of full-length human GBF1 to show that GBF1 forms an anti-parallel dimer held together by the paired central DCB-HUS core, with two sets of HDS1-3 arms extending outward in opposite directions. The catalytic Sec7d protrudes from the central core as a largely independent domain, but is closely opposed to a previously unassigned α-helix from the HDS1 domain. Based on our data, we propose models of GBF1 engagement on the membrane to provide a paradigm for understanding GBF1-mediated Arf activation required for cellular and organismal function