The ‘Angelic Quire’: Rethinking Female Voices in Anglican Sacred Music, c. 1889

Both academic scholarship and popular wisdom often assume women’s absence from Anglican musical history. However, a range of sources indicates that throughout the period 1700-1900, women sang in parish Anglican choirs – albeit with frequent opposition. This thesis explores the significant yet contested role of female choristers in Church of England choirs during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It pays particular reference to a press controversy, led by the Daily Telegraph that broke out in 1889: the ‘Angelic Quire’ debate. Chapter One surveys evidence for female choristers in parish Anglican churches during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Sources including contemporary literature, visual representations, and Church of England Yearbook and Diocesan records all indicate that female singers were common in parish Anglican churches throughout this period. Chapter Two introduces the ‘Angelic Quire’ debate, exploring how an initially small disagreement over female choristers’ clothing developed into a controversy over whether women should sing in choirs at all. Chapter Three explores the intersections between the ‘Angelic Quire’ debate and contemporary gender politics. It argues that for many correspondents the female chorister was not a radical figure, but sat comfortably within the hegemonic Victorian ideal of angelic femininity. Chapter Four explores the significance of women in church choirs beyond gender politics. It argues that debates over female choristers often invoked issues as broad as class, national identity, and musical genre – even if these often remained unarticulated. Two conclusions emerge. First, that female choristers had a far greater presence in the Victorian church than has often been recognized. Second, that twentieth century narratives of female absence from sacred music have roots in a complicated knot of nineteenth-century anxieties regarding female choristers. These anxieties extended beyond obvious questions of sex and gender to invoke other, equally significant concerns: unarticulated anxieties regarding Church, nation, and music

Transoceanic pathogen transfer in the age of sail and steam.

In the centuries following Christopher Columbuss 1492 voyage to the Americas, transoceanic travel opened unprecedented pathways in global pathogen circulation. Yet no biological transfer is a single, discrete event. We use mathematical modeling to quantify historical risk of shipborne pathogen introduction, exploring the respective contributions of journey time, ship size, population susceptibility, transmission intensity, density dependence, and pathogen biology. We contextualize our results using port arrivals data from San Francisco, 1850 to 1852, and from a selection of historically significant voyages, 1492 to 1918. We offer numerical estimates of introduction risk across historically realistic ranges of journey time and ship population size, and show that both steam travel and shipping regimes that involved frequent, large-scale movement of people substantially increased risk of transoceanic pathogen circulation

Experimental and theoretical studies of the atomic structure of platinum-based nanoclusters

This thesis focuses on the atomic structure of Platinum-based nanoclusters, and covers two main areas: Binary platinum-titanium clusters, and pure platinum clusters. Both were produced with a magnetron sputtering, gas-aggregation cluster beam source, and imaged with a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) with detailed image analysis. For the study of Pt-Ti clusters, identifying their overall morphology is key. For oxidised clusters, a Pt core with a TiOx shell is found for smaller clusters, whereas for larger clusters multiple Pt cores are seen within the TiOx shell. The Pt-Ti clusters have been transferred under nitrogen, to reduce oxidation. Here, the morphology of the clusters is more amorphous, with the Pt and Ti atoms forming an alloy core within the cluster. Experimentally, clusters were produced containing 10- 600 Pt atoms. The structural motif of these clusters shows that the large clusters (> 250 Pt atoms) typically present with a cubic structure which matches that of bulk FCC Pt. This experimental work has been complemented by theoretical modeling, to identify dominant motifs within a large size range from 55 - 10,000 Pt atoms, using empirical potentials. The results show that there is a persistent switching between the decahedral and octahedral motifs

P04-07 Factors associated with maintenance of physical activity in older adults undertaking a strength and balance programme for falls prevention

Abstract Background Falls are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in older adults worldwide, yet those who are more physically active have a lower risk of falling. There is little information on which participants are most likely to complete falls prevention exercise programmes and increase their levels of physical activity (PA). This study aims to identify factors associated with completion of, and PA levels, at the end of the Falls Management Exercise (FaME) falls prevention exercise programme, a programme designed to increase balance and functional capacity, increase bone and muscle mass and reduce fear of falling. Methods 356 community-dwelling adults provided routine data. Characteristics of participants were compared at baseline. Comparison of activity levels between completers and non-completers were carried out, and a regression analysis performed to identify factors associated with programme completion and achievement of 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week. Results 143 participants completed the FaME programme. This group was significantly younger (range 50-96; mean=75.3, SD=8.1 in completers vs. mean=77.8, SD=8.3 in non-completers) and had significantly lower scores on the FRAT (median=1, IQR=0-2 in completers vs. median=2, IQR=1-3 in non-completers) and FES-I risk assessments (median=10, IQR=7-13 in completers vs. median=11, IQR=8-16 in non-completers) at baseline, and a significantly higher level of physical activity (PA) per week (median=673 minutes, IQR=252-1252 in completers vs. median=558, IQR=120-1127 in non-completers). Completers significantly increased their total minutes of PA per week, and the converse was true for non-completers. Multivariate regression analyses showed that FRAT score was significantly associated with completion of FaME, and 180 degree turn and FES-I score were significantly associated with achieving the recommended 150 minutes of MVPA per week. Conclusions This study has shown that a significant increase in PA levels is only demonstrated in those who complete the FaME programme. Scores from selected functional measures and risk assessments are associated with FaME completion and achievement of 150 minutes of MVPA. This information can be used to provide targeted support to improve completion rates and physical activity levels of participants

Correlates of weight loss and muscle-gaining behavior in 10- to 14-year-old males and females

Abstract Background. This study examined the influence of appearance and social acceptance esteem, awareness and internalization of media stereotypes, body size acceptance, and teasing on the weight loss and muscle-gaining behaviors of 10-to 14-year-old boys and girls. Methods. Male (n = 670) and female (n = 788) students were drawn from one of four public senior middle schools (grades 6 -8) in Southern Ontario as part of a longitudinal outcome-based study. Students' baseline self-report questionnaires, measuring the above variables, were analyzed for the purposes of this study. Results. A higher percentage of girls reported engaging in weight loss behaviors, whereas a higher percentage of boys admitted to muscle gaining and the use of specific weight control methods such as laxative use and vomiting. Regression analyses revealed that internalization of media messages and body size acceptance were equally predictive of boys' weight loss and muscle-gaining behaviors, while teasing was found to also predict their muscle-gaining behavior. Among the girls, appearance esteem, internalization of media stereotypes, and body size acceptance were predictive of weight loss behaviors. None of the study variables were predictive of girls' muscle-gaining behavior. Conclusions. Weight loss and muscle-gaining behaviors appear to have their onset in children as young as 10 years. The findings support the need for prevention programs that focus on media literacy and ways to decrease weight-based teasing in the school setting

James Blair Historical Review

The mission of the James Blair Historical Review is to publish the College of William and Mary’s best undergraduate history research papers, and thereby showcase the talent of the College’s history students and the strength of her Department of History. The Historical Review seeks to provide a professional platform through which students can explore historically significant themes and issues.The Field of Cloth of Gold: Henry VIII’s Display of Princely Magnificence -Ami Limoncelli Sacrifice and Salvation: Religious Drama in Colonial Mexico -Andrew DiAntonio Insurrections and Independence: How the Gunpowder Incident Thrust British and Afro-Virginians into the American Revolution -Nicole Lidstrom “Black as an Indian and Dirty as a Pig” The Unexpected Perseverance of Female Hospital Workers during America’s Civil War -Anna Storm Australian Aboriginal Rights The 1967 Referendum -Lisa Keppl

Fish and complementary feeding practices for young children: Qualitative research findings from coastal Kenya

This study examines barriers to fish consumption during the complementary feeding period in two coastal counties of Kenya with high rates of child malnutrition. Study findings indicate that young child fish consumption is impacted by factors related to accessibility, food preferences, and caregiver’s knowledge and beliefs about fish during the complementary feeding period. These factors are influenced by prominent community figures such as elder women and health workers, whose own beliefs and understandings are impacted by underlying cultural norms, potentially limiting fish consumption. To our knowledge, this is the first study conducted in the coastal region of Kenya to focus on understanding fish consumption attitudes and beliefs during the complementary feeding phase. Our findings represent a critical first step towards the creation of more effective policies and interventions to address the significant nutritional disparities that exist in the study population

Samaki Salama - Promoting healthy child growth and sustainable fisheries in coastal Kenya: A study protocol

Background: One in five young children globally suffer the consequences of stunted growth and development and millions experience deficiencies in zinc, iron, iodine, vitamins A and B12, nutrients found bioavailable in fish foods. Small-scale fisheries have the potential to generate income and augment fish consumption while being environmentally sustainable if appropriately managed. However, those engaged in small-scale fisheries are often marginalized, poor, and malnourished. The Samaki Salama project seeks to better understand and address these challenges through a three-arm, longitudinal matched cluster study which evaluates the impact of an integrated nutrition social marketing and modified fishing trap intervention. Methods: here will be 400 small-scale fisher households enrolled from Kilifi County, Kenya and residing in communities matched on location (rural), livelihoods, and child nutritional status. The sample will include mothers and other caregivers, children 6–60 months, and fishers in the family. Applying a cluster design, the matched communities will be divided into three groups: (1) control (n = 200); (2) multi-component nutrition social marketing intervention to fishers, mothers, and health workers (n = 100); and (3) multi-component nutrition social marketing intervention plus modified fishing traps and training (n = 100). Primary outcomes include child growth, fish food intakes, and fisheries yield of mature fish. Secondary outcomes are diet diversity, child diarrheal morbidity, and fisheries revenue. A process evaluation will be used to monitor and ensure fidelity of intervention delivery. Discussion: This study builds on a growing body of literature illustrating the effectiveness of nutrition focused social marketing campaigns to promote active engagement of participants, high compliance to the intervention, and sustained behavior change. The second intervention element of modified fishing traps that allow immature fish to escape enables participants to act on the messaging they receive and promotes sustainable fishing through increased harvest efficiency and reduced catch of immature fish. The integrated approach of the Samaki Salama intervention provides an example of how to leverage multiple disciplines to address key challenges to human and environmental health and illustrates a pathway for scaling study innovations to other small-scale fisheries systems

A systematic review of reviews: Recruitment and retention of rural family physicians

The recruitment and retention of family physicians in rural and remote communities has been the topic of many reviews; however, a lack of consensus among them with regard to which factors are most influential makes it difficult for setting priorities. We performed a systematic review of reviews which helped to establish an overall conclusion and provided a set of fundamental influential factors, regardless of the consistency or generalisability of the findings across reviews. This review also identified the knowledge gaps and areas of priority for future research. Methods: A literature search was conducted to find the review articles discussing the factors of recruitment or retention of rural family physicians. Results were screened by two independent reviewers. The number of times that each factor was mentioned in the literature was counted and ordered in terms of frequency. Results: The literature search identified 84 systematic reviews. Fourteen met the inclusion criteria, from which 158 specific factors were identified and summarised into 11 categories: personal, health, family, training, practice, work, professional, pay, community, regional and system/legislation. The three categories referenced most often were training, personal and practice. The specific individual factors mentioned most often in the literature were 'medical school characteristics', 'longitudinal rural training' and 'raised in a small town'. Conclusion: The three most often cited categories resemble three distinct phases of a family physician's life: pre-medical school, medical school and post-medical school. To increase the number of physicians who choose to work in rural practice, strategies must encompass and promote continuity across all three of these phases. The results of this systematic review will allow for the identification of areas of priority that require further attention to develop appropriate strategies to improve the number of family physicians working in rural and remote locations

Biomarkers of folate status in NHANES: a roundtable summary123456

A roundtable to discuss the measurement of folate status biomarkers in NHANES took place in July 2010. NHANES has measured serum folate since 1974 and red blood cell (RBC) folate since 1978 with the use of several different measurement procedures. Data on serum 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) and folic acid (FA) concentrations in persons aged ≥60 y are available in NHANES 1999–2002. The roundtable reviewed data that showed that folate concentrations from the Bio-Rad Quantaphase II procedure (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA; used in NHANES 1991–1994 and NHANES 1999–2006) were, on average, 29% lower for serum and 45% lower for RBC than were those from the microbiological assay (MA), which was used in NHANES 2007–2010. Roundtable experts agreed that these differences required a data adjustment for time-trend analyses. The roundtable reviewed the possible use of an isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) measurement procedure for future NHANES and agreed that the close agreement between the MA and LC-MS/MS results for serum folate supported conversion to the LC-MS/MS procedure. However, for RBC folate, the MA gave 25% higher concentrations than did the LC-MS/MS procedure. The roundtable agreed that the use of the LC-MS/MS procedure to measure RBC folate is premature at this time. The roundtable reviewed the reference materials available or under development at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and recognized the challenges related to, and the scientific need for, these materials. They noted the need for a commutability study for the available reference materials for serum 5MTHF and FA