Lichtenberger E., Die Stad. Von der Polis zur Metropolis

Boyer Jean-Claude, Lichtenberger E. Lichtenberger E., Die Stad. Von der Polis zur Metropolis. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 112, n°631, 2003. p. 326

Lichtenberger E., Die Stad. Von der Polis zur Metropolis

Boyer Jean-Claude, Lichtenberger E. Lichtenberger E., Die Stad. Von der Polis zur Metropolis. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 112, n°631, 2003. p. 326

Expression of Intrinsic Factor in Rat and Murine Gastric Mucosal Cell Lineages Is Modified by Inflammation

Intrinsic factor is produced primarily by chief cells in rat and mouse, but 4 to 11% of isolated rat parietal cells also contain intrinsic factor. To test whether local conditions could alter the distribution of intrinsic factor expression, two rodent models of chronic lymphocytic gastric inflammation were examined. Immunocytochemistry was performed using antiserum against human intrinsic factor and H/K ATPase (a parietal cell marker), counting the percent of intrinsic factor-positive parietal cells. HLA-B27 transgenic rats develop chronic gastritis at age 3 months. Congenic controls expressed intrinsic factor in 8.9 ± 3.8% (mean ± SD) of parietal cells; in inflamed areas of transgenic rats 21 ± 5.2% (P < 0.0001) of parietal cells were positive. In adjacent areas without inflammatory infiltrate 16 ± 3.6% of parietal cells contained intrinsic factor. C57BL/6 mice inoculated with Helicobacter felis develop gastritis by 4 weeks. After 4 and 8 weeks of infection, intrinsic factor-positive parietal cells increased from 7.8 ± 2.8% in the congenic controls to 17.6 ± 4.1% in the inflamed gastric body (P < 0.0001). Isolated rat parietal cells incubated with interleukin-1β demonstrated a twofold increase in intrinsic factor-positive parietal cells. These studies are consistent with the concept that intrinsic factor expression is both predetermined in chief cells and can be expressed in parietal cells in response to local inflammatory factors. The differences between inflamed and adjacent noninflamed areas in the rat model suggest a tissue gradient of soluble inducer(s), possibly cytokines

Exploring mudbrick architecture and its re-use in Artaxata, Armenia, during the 1st millennium BC. A multidisciplinary study of earthen architecture in the Armenian Highlands.

Mudbrick constructions are extremely common in ancient western Asia, including the 1st millennium structures of the southern Caucasus and Armenian highlands. However, in the Caucasus the geoarchaeological study of these materials to provide insight into building practices and social structure is a topic little researched, especially when focusing on the longue durée. Artashat/Artaxata (Ararat region, Armenia) was the capital of the Armenian Kingdom of the Artaxiads, founded in the eighties of the 2nd century BC, but even before this the site was occupied in the Chalcolithic period, (ca. 5200-3500 BC), Early Iron Age (ca. 1200-900 BC) and in the Urartian period (ca. 800-600 BC) as well. All the previous occupation phases showed communities that made extensive use of earthen constructions as determined during past and recent archaeological excavations. This multidisciplinary study seeks to examine mudbrick architecture as a proxy for environmental and social interactions during the 1st millennium BC combining geoarchaeology, archaeobotany and building archaeology. We analyzed changes and continuities in architectural form and practices, alongside reconstruction of technological and social processes, to identify issues of raw material procurement, attestation of re-use, and consistency of building practices. The results of the geoarchaeological analysis of the earthen building materials used in different parts of the ancient city point to a re-use of materials over time

Representative photomicrographs of petrographic groups identified among the analysed mudbricks from Artaxata, crossed polars (XP).

Sub-fabric 1.1: a) Urartian Sample AA21; b) Urartian Sample AA27; c) Hellenistic Sample AA10, with igneous and brown clay pellet inclusions; d) Hellenistic Sample AA18, with charcoal inclusion (Plane polarized light, PPL, and crossed polars, XP). Sub-fabric 1.2: e) Urartian Sample AA11; f) Urartian Sample AA27, showing sediment lumps pointed with green arrows; g) Hellenistic Sample AA17. Sub-Fabric 1.3: h) Hellenistic Sample AA15, showing mica schist and igneous granules. Fabric 2: i) Hellenistic Sample AA31. Red arrows point to some of the rare microfossils recognized and Blue arrows to voids linked with vegetal temper (Credit: Benjamín Cutillas-Victoria).</p

Geological map of Armenia (drawing: Maija Holappa; adapted after https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98479; public domain).

Geological map of Armenia (drawing: Maija Holappa; adapted after https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr98479; public domain).</p

14C dating parameters.

Supplementary information in relation to 14C dating. (DOCX)</p

Petrographic table.

Summary of the petrographic fabrics identified in Artaxata. (DOCX)</p

PCA mapping of the Artaxata samples based on the variables visible in the arrows.

The large blue triangle and red circle represents the average value of each cluster (Credit: Marta Lorenzon).</p