PENJADWALAN OPTIMAL TIPE PRODUKSI FLOWSHOP DUA TAHAP MENGGUNAKAN METODE BRANCH AND BOUND DENGAN MEMPERHATIKAN WAKTU TRANSPORTASI

Penjadwalan produksi dapat dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu penjadwalan produksi tipe jobshop dan penjadwalan produksi tipe flowshop. Penjadwalan produksi tipe flowshop adalah sebuah penjadwalan sebuah produk yang sedemikian rupa sehingga setiap produk diproduksi melalui mesin yang sama dengan alur produksi yang sama. Terdapat beberapa masalah flowshop, salah satunya adalah dengan memperhatikan waktu transportasi. Dan metode Branch and Bound adalah solusi yang tepat untuk memecahkan masalah penjadwalan produksi dengan memperhatikan waktu transportasi untuk meminimalisir waktu yang terlewati. Pada penulisan Studi Literatur ini, Penjadwalan optimal dari 4 buah job dan 2 buah mesin dengan memperhatikan waktu transportasi adalah 1, 2, 4, dan 3 dengan waktu yang terlewati adalah 59 unit satuan waktu

Search for the genes involved in oocyte maturation and early embryo development in the hen

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The initial stages of development depend on mRNA and proteins accumulated in the oocyte, and during these stages, certain genes are essential for fertilization, first cleavage and embryonic genome activation. The aim of this study was first to search for avian oocyte-specific genes using an <it>in silico </it>and a microarray approaches, then to investigate the temporal and spatial dynamics of the expression of some of these genes during follicular maturation and early embryogenesis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>in silico </it>approach allowed us to identify 18 chicken homologs of mouse potential oocyte genes found by digital differential display. Using the chicken Affymetrix microarray, we identified 461 genes overexpressed in granulosa cells (GCs) and 250 genes overexpressed in the germinal disc (GD) of the hen oocyte. Six genes were identified using both <it>in silico </it>and microarray approaches. Based on GO annotations, GC and GD genes were differentially involved in biological processes, reflecting different physiological destinations of these two cell layers. Finally we studied the spatial and temporal dynamics of the expression of 21 chicken genes. According to their expression patterns all these genes are involved in different stages of final follicular maturation and/or early embryogenesis in the chicken. Among them, 8 genes (<it>btg4</it>, <it>chkmos</it>, <it>wee</it>, <it>zpA</it>, <it>dazL</it>, <it>cvh</it>, <it>zar1 </it>and <it>ktfn) </it>were preferentially expressed in the maturing occyte and <it>cvh</it>, <it>zar1 </it>and <it>ktfn </it>were also highly expressed in the early embryo.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We showed that <it>in silico </it>and Affymetrix microarray approaches were relevant and complementary in order to find new avian genes potentially involved in oocyte maturation and/or early embryo development, and allowed the discovery of new potential chicken mature oocyte and chicken granulosa cell markers for future studies. Moreover, detailed study of the expression of some of these genes revealed promising candidates for maternal effect genes in the chicken. Finally, the finding concerning the different state of rRNA compared to that of mRNA during the postovulatory period shed light on some mechanisms through which oocyte to embryo transition occurs in the hen.</p

Co‐sputtering of A Thin Film Broadband Absorber Based on Self‐Organized Plasmonic Cu Nanoparticles

The efficient conversion of solar energy to heat is a prime challenge for solar thermal absorbers, and various material classes and device concepts are discussed. One exciting class of solar thermal absorbers are plasmonic broadband absorbers that rely on light absorption thanks to plasmonic resonances sustained in metallic nanoparticles. This work focuses on Cu/Al$_2$O$_3$ plasmonic absorbers, which consist of a thin film stack of a metallic Cu-mirror, a dielectric Al$_2$O$_3$ spacer, and an Al$_2$O$_3$/Cu-nanoparticle nanocomposite. This work explores two preparation routes for the Al$_2$O$_3$/Cu-nanoparticle nanocomposite, which rely on the self-organization of Cu nanoparticles from sputtered atoms, either in the gas phase (i.e., via gas aggregation source) or on the thin film surface (i.e., via simultaneous co-sputtering). While in either case, Cu-Al$_2$O$_3$-Al$_2$O$_3$/Cu absorbers with a low reflectivity over a broad wavelength regime are obtained, the simultaneous co-sputtering approach enabled better control over the film roughness and showed excellent agreement with dedicated simulations of the optical properties of the plasmonic absorber using a multi-scale modeling approach. Upon variation of the thickness and filling factor of the Al$_2$O$_3$/Cu nanocomposite layer, the optical properties of the plasmonic absorbers are tailored, reaching an integrated reflectance down to 0.17 (from 250 to 1600 nm)

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Oral exposure to bisphenol S is associated with alterations in the oviduct proteome of an ovine model, with aggravated effects in overfed females

International audienceBackground Bisphenol S (BPS) is a substitute for bisphenol A in plastic manufacturing and, as a potential endocrine disruptor, may alter the physiology of the oviduct, in which fertilization and early embryo development take place in mammals. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a daily dietary exposure to BPS combined with a contrasted diet on the oviduct fluid proteome using an ovine model. Results Eighty adult cyclic ewes were allotted to four groups (20/group): overfed (OF) consuming 50 µg/kg/day of BPS in their diet, underfed (UF) consuming 50 µg/kg/day of BPS, and non-exposed controls in each diet group. After three months, the mean body condition score, plasma levels of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids were significantly higher in OF than in UF females. The proteins in collected OF samples (50 µg) were analyzed by nanoliquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-MS/MS). Overall, 1563 proteins were identified, among which 848 were quantified. Principal component analysis of the data revealed a clear discrimination of samples according to the diet and a segregation between BPS-exposed and non-exposed females in overfed ewes. Hierarchical clustering of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) identified two clusters of 101 and 78 DAPs according to the diet. Pairwise comparisons between groups revealed a stronger effect of BPS in OF than in UF females (70 vs. 24 DAPs) and a stronger effect of the diet in BPS-exposed than non-exposed females (56 vs. 36 DAPs). Functional analysis of DAPs showed an enrichment in metabolic processes, immune system, cell response to stress, and reproductive processes. Conclusions This work highlights for the first time the important impact of BPS on the oviduct proteome, with larger effects seen in OF than UF females. These results, together with previous ones, raise health concerns for everyone and call for a greater regulation of BPS in the food industry

Cocktail effects of endocrine disruptors: bisphenols and human ovarian granulosa cells

International audienceHuman population is exposed to endocrine disruptors (ED). The ban of BPA, an ED, in France and Canada in food industry, led to the emergence of structural analogs that are not yet regulated. The objectives of this project were to 1) study the effects of bisphenol in vivo exposure in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology (ART) on embryo parameters and gestation rate and 2) to characterize the in vitro effects of 7 bisphenols, individually and in equimolar cocktail, on human granulosa cell (hGC) steroidogenesis.Bisphenols were detected in 18.8% of 368 women follicular fluid samples, mainly BPS and then BPA. Our linear regression analysis showed than women exposed to bisphenols exhibited a higher number of embryos (either transferred or frozen) and a higher gestation rate which was unexpected. Women with higher BMI increased follicle numbers but decreased birth rate. Older women showed a lower number of mature oocytes.In vitro, BPAF and BPAP significantly decreased estradiol secretion at 10 µM. All 7 bisphenols (BPS, BPA, BPAF, BPAP, BPE, BPB, BPF) and the equimolar cocktail at 50 µM inhibited progesterone secretion, the same effect being observed at 10 µM except for BPF.Finally, in vivo exposure to bisphenol seems to affect female reproductive parameters, but further studies with a higher number of women are required to confirm our data. In vitro, all seven bisphenols and their equimolar cocktail alter steroidogenesis in hGC, and exposure to this cocktail showed a cumulative effect, therefore supporting a global regulation of the bisphenol family

Bisphenol S chronic exposure interacted with ewe metabolic status to impair female reproduction

International audienceBisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer used in the food industry, is reported to be an estrogenomimetic endocrine disruptor, involved in deleterious effects on oocyte meiosis and maturation as well as in steroigegenesis impairment. BPA being regulated, structural analogs emerged including bisphenol S (BPS). Studies on fish and rodent species reported that BPS affects reproduction similarly to BPA. Moreover, because metabolism affects the ovarian functionning, we hypothesized that the metabolic status could interact with the effects of environmental factors. Therefore, this study assessed BPS chronic effects at dose corresponding to the tolerable daily intake defined for the BPA, on oocyte quality, steroidogenesis and granulosa cell proteomic data. Groups of 20 ewes were subjected to either a restricted (R) or well-fed (WF) diet and to a bisphenoldaily exposure (0, 4 or 50 µg/kg/day) for more than 3 months, thus generating 6 groups : R0, R4, R50, WF0, WF4 and WF50. After hormonal oestrus synchronization and ovarian stimulation, oocytes were surgically recovered (OPU sessions) and underwent in vitro maturation (IVM), fecundation and development. Developmental rates were analyzed at day 2 and 7 after IVM. At the time of slaughter, after 5 month of daily exposure to bisphenol, After hormonal oestrus synchronization, the follicular fluid and granulosa cells of the preovulotary follicle were collected. The follicular fluid underwent a steroidomic analysis while the granulosa cells underwent a proteomic analysis. Body weight was higher in well-fed compared to restricted ewes at the time of oocyte punctures (diet effect, p&lt;0.0001, 64.3 ± 1.2 kg vs 54.1 ± 1.2 kg, respectively) whichwas also the case for body condition score (diet effect, p&lt;0.0001, 2.92 ± 0.02 vs 2.18 ± 0.02, respectively). Regarding embryo production data, the most interesting finding was a significant diet x BPS dose interaction that was reported for cleaved embryos, &gt;4-cell embryos, blastocyst and early blastocyst numbers. Moreover, steroidomic analysis of the preovulatory follicle showed a significant interaction between metabolic status and BPS exposure for seven steroids, including estradiol. Indeed, while exposure to BPS impaired estradiol concentrations in follicular fluid of well-fed ewes, this was not reported in restricted ewes. Granulosa cell proteomic analysis of the preovulatory follicle confirmed the interaction between metabolic status and BPS exposure as most of the proteins corresponding to the diet effect (21 and 30 proteins) differ depending on the BPS exposure. Lastly, among the proteins that varied after BPS exposure, the most interesting one is the beta-glucuronidase. Bisphenols, with oestrogenic properties, are metabolized into glucuronide bisphenols, without glucuronide properties. Nevertheless, the beta-glucuronidase has been reported to be able to remove the glucuronide part of BPA glucuronide and therefore to turn it back into BPA with oestrogenic properties. This protein that is expressed at the follicular level, is also overabundant after BPS exposure and could therefore prolonged the BPS effects at the ovarian level. Moreover, according to both the literature and our data, the beta-glucuronidase expression increases with adiposity. To conclude, our data highlighted the deleterious effects of BPS and its interaction with the metabolic status, indicating that its use in food packaging should be regulated. Our data also suggested that individuals with higher adiposity might be more sensitive to bisphenols effects

Identification of germinal disk region derived genes potentially involved in hen fertility

International audienceDespite the regular decrease in fertility observed in hens, especially in "meat" lines, little is known about genes affecting fertility. We used the Affymetrix microarray to search for oocyte genes whose expression would vary in relation to fertility rate in both "laying" and "meat" line hens. We focused on oocyte genes because several of them have been found to be involved in fertility in other species. Based on microarray analysis, 54 and 84 genes were differentially expressed between germinal disc regions (GDR) of F1 maturation stage oocytes from hens exhibiting either high (100%) or low (from 22% to 80%) fertility rate from laying and meat lines respectively. Most of these differentially expressed genes were distributed between "laying" and,.meat" lines indicating that mechanisms involved in the decrease in fertility rates in these two cases were independent. Real time RT-PCR performed on the same samples which were used for microarray confirmed in several cases differences in gene expression levels detected by microarray. Moreover the correlations between gene expression levels and fertility rates were evaluated for the 10 most interesting genes at different stages of follicular maturation and early embryo development on individual GDR samples from hens exhibiting different fertility rates. In total, we identified five genes whose expression levels correlated with fertility rate in accordance with findings of microarray analysis and real time RT-PCR: VWC2, CR407412, TAPA, FGL2, and TRAP6. The biological significance of these genes sheds light on potential mechanisms influencing fertility and could provide candidates for fertility markers in the hen

Transcriptomic approach to study oocyte competence in the hen

National audienc