Humanity's Last Exam

Benchmarks are important tools for tracking the rapid advancements in large language model (LLM) capabilities. However, benchmarks are not keeping pace in difficulty: LLMs now achieve over 90\% accuracy on popular benchmarks like MMLU, limiting informed measurement of state-of-the-art LLM capabilities. In response, we introduce Humanity's Last Exam (HLE), a multi-modal benchmark at the frontier of human knowledge, designed to be the final closed-ended academic benchmark of its kind with broad subject coverage. HLE consists of 3,000 questions across dozens of subjects, including mathematics, humanities, and the natural sciences. HLE is developed globally by subject-matter experts and consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions suitable for automated grading. Each question has a known solution that is unambiguous and easily verifiable, but cannot be quickly answered via internet retrieval. State-of-the-art LLMs demonstrate low accuracy and calibration on HLE, highlighting a significant gap between current LLM capabilities and the expert human frontier on closed-ended academic questions. To inform research and policymaking upon a clear understanding of model capabilities, we publicly release HLE at https://lastexam.ai

Design of Interview Schedule to Determine the Prevalence of Symptoms Compared in the Four Major Diagnostic Groups

This chapter describes the design of the interview schedule used in the study on suicides to determine the prevalence of symptoms, and explores the frequency with which individual symptoms occurred in the sample. It also presents a reproduction of the interview form used in the study.</p

Epilogue

This chapter presents a conclusion to the study. It returns to the questions that the study intended to answer and summarises the findings of the study by answering each of these questions in turn.</p

The Final Months

During a one-year period in the city of St Louis and surrounding counties, authorities determined that 134 of all deaths registered were suicides. This title is the report of a clinical study that attempts to determine the antecedents of those suicides, using information and observations contributed by the victims’ close associates. Based on a statistical computation of the information collected, the researchers were able to answer a number of previously open questions about suicide. This title includes a set of fully detailed case histories. Presented without interpretation, the allow readers to judge for themselves the clinical development of illness and the validity of diagnoses. In addition, a ‘score card’ for each case illustrates the study team’s step-by-step diagnostic procedure. Of particular interest to mental health workers will be a discussion of predictors of suicide and the process by which diagnoses were assigned.</p