DIETARY PATTERNS FROM CHILDHOOD TO EARLY ADULTHOOD AND THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH BONE HEALTH

The amount of bone accrued during adolescence is an important determinant of later osteoporosis risk. I examined the role of adolescent dietary patterns (DPs) and food group intakes on the adult bone acquisition, and assessed the stability of DPs over time using the data from Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (1991-2011). Principal component analysis was used to derive adolescent DPs including “Vegetarian- style”, “Western-like”, “High-fat, high-protein”, “Mixed” and “Snack” DPs. Associations between adolescent DPs and adolescent (age 12.7±2 years, n=125) or adult (age 28.2±3 years, n=115) bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were analyzed while adjusting for covariates. Mean adolescent total body aBMD and young adult total body BMC and aBMD and femoral neck BMC and aBMD were 5, 8.5, 6, 10.6 and 9% higher (P<0.05), respectively, in third quartile of “Vegetarian-style” DP compared to first quartile. Associations between adolescents’ intake of milk and alternatives (M&A) or fruit and vegetables (F&V) and adult bone structure and strength at tibia and radius were also investigated. Females with high M&A intake compared to low M&A intake group (mean 4 vs. 1.5 servings/d, respectively) had 14, 15 and 16% greater (P<0.05) adult ToA, CoA and CoC at radius shaft, respectively. Females with moderate F&V intake compared to low F&V intake group (mean 4 vs. 2 servings/d, respectively) had greater adult ToA (8.5%, P<0.05) at distal tibia. The stability of DPs from childhood to adulthood were assessed by generalized estimating equations using the energy-adjusted applied DP scores. I found a moderate tracking for the “Vegetarian-style” (ß=0.44, P<0.001) and “High-fat, high-protein” (ß=0.39, P<0.001) DPs in females and “Vegetarian-style” DP (ß=0.30, P<0.001) in males; and a poor-to-fair tracking for remaining DPs, in both sexes. The “Western-like” DP was not stable in females. Adherence to “Vegetarian-style” DP increased and adherence to “High-fat, high-protein” DP decreased by age. Higher adherence to “Vegetarian style” DP (in both sex) and higher intake of M&A or F&V (only in females) during adolescence was positively associated with bone health. Healthy dietary habits established during childhood and adolescence could moderately continue into adulthood

Tracking Dietary Patterns over 20 Years from Childhood through Adolescence into Young Adulthood: The Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study

Dietary patterns established during adolescence might play a role in adulthood disease. We examined the stability of dietary patterns (DPs) from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood (from age 8 to 34 years). Data from 130 participants (53 females) of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (aged 8–15 years, at baseline) were included. Multiple 24-h recalls were collected annually from 1991 to 1997, 2002 to 2005, and 2010 and 2011. Using principal component analysis, “Vegetarian-style”, “Western-like”, “High-fat, high-protein”, “Mixed”, and “Snack” DPs were derived at baseline. Applied DP scores for all annual measurements were calculated using factor loading of baseline DPs and energy-adjusted food group intakes. We analyzed data using generalized estimating equations. The tracking coefficient represents correlation between baseline dietary pattern scores and all other follow-up dietary pattern scores. We found a moderate tracking for the “Vegetarian-style” (β = 0.44, p &lt; 0.001) and “High-fat, high-protein” (β = 0.39, p &lt; 0.001) DPs in females and “Vegetarian-style” DP (β = 0.30, p &lt; 0.001) in males. The remaining DPs showed poor-to-fair tracking in both sexes. No tracking for “Western-like” DP in females was observed. Assessing overall change in DP scores from childhood to young adulthood showed an increasing trend in adherence to “Vegetarian-style” DP and decreasing trend in adherence to “High-fat, high-protein” DP by age in both sexes (p &lt; 0.001), while “Western-like” and “Mixed” DP scores increased only in males (p &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that healthy dietary habits established during childhood and adolescence moderately continue into adulthood

Vegetarian-style dietary pattern during adolescence has long-term positive impact on bone from adolescence to young adulthood: a longitudinal study

Abstract Background The amount of bone accrued during adolescence is an important determinant of later osteoporosis risk. Little is known about the influence of dietary patterns (DPs) on the bone during adolescence and their potential long-term implications into adulthood. We examined the role of adolescent DPs on adolescent and young adult bone and change in DPs from adolescence to young adulthood. Methods We recruited participants from the Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study (1991–2011). Data from 125 participants (53 females) for adolescent analysis (age 12.7 ± 2 years) and 115 participants (51 females) for adult analysis (age 28.2 ± 3 years) were included. Bone mineral content (BMC) and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of total body (TB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Adolescent dietary intake data from multiple 24-h recalls were summarized into 25 food group intakes and were used in the principal component analysis to derive DPs during adolescence. Associations between adolescent DPs and adolescent or adult BMC/BMD were analyzed using multiple linear regression and multivariate analysis of covariance while adjusting for sex, age, the age of peak height velocity, height, weight, physical activity and total energy intake. Generalized estimating equations were used for tracking DPs. Results We derived five DPs including “Vegetarian-style”, “Western-like”, “High-fat, high-protein”, “Mixed” and “Snack” DPs. The “Vegetarian-style” DP was a positive independent predictor of adolescent TBBMC, and adult TBBMC, TBaBMD (P < 0.05). Mean adolescent TBaBMD and young adult TBBMC, TBaBMD, FNBMC and FNaBMD were 5%, 8.5%, 6%, 10.6% and 9% higher, respectively, in third quartile of “Vegetarian-style” DP compared to first quartile (P < 0.05). We found a moderate tracking (0.47–0.63, P < 0.001) in DP scores at individual levels from adolescence to adulthood. There were an upward trend in adherence to “Vegetarian-style” DP and an downward trend in adherence to “High-fat, high-protein” DP from adolescence to young adulthood (P < 0.01). Conclusion A “Vegetarian-style” DP rich in dark green vegetables, eggs, non-refined grains, 100% fruit juice, legumes/nuts/seeds, added fats, fruits and low-fat milk during adolescence is positively associated with bone health