Kinetics of Аdsorption of nickel(II) Ions by Zeolite with Immobilized Thiosemicarbazide

Исследовано влияние температуры на кинетику адсорбции ионов никеля(II) цеолитом с иммобилизованным тиосемикарбазидом. В рамках диффузионных моделей Бойда и Морриса-Вебера использован количественный подход для первичного разграничения внешне и внутри диффузионного лимитирования адсорбции. Показано, что диффузия ионов через пленку раствора и диффузия в зерне цеолита вносят свой вклад в общую скорость процесса, и адсорбция протекает в смешанно-диффузионном режиме. Вклад химической стадии в кинетику гетерогенного процесса адсорбции был охарактеризован в рамках кинетических моделей Лагергрена, Хо и Маккея и Еловича. Наиболее применимой для описания исследуемых процессов является модель псевдо-второго порядка. Модель предполагает, что скорость процесса адсорбции ионов никеля(II) лимитирует химическая реакция, которая в случае рассматриваемых цеолитов сопровождается образованием хелатных комплексов (состава 1:1) за счет донорно-акцепторного взаимодействия ионов металла с атомами азота и серы тиосемикарбазидного фрагмента. Такой тип взаимодействия характерен как для материалов функционализированных тиосемикарбазидом, так и в целом для органических адсорбентов, содержащих N- и S‑активные группировкиThe effect of temperature on the adsorption kinetics of nickel(II) ions by zeolite with immobilized thiosemicarbazide has been studied. Within the framework of the diffusion models of Boyd and Morris-Weber, a quantitative approach was used for the primary distinction between external and internal diffusion limitation of adsorption. It is shown that the diffusion of ions through the solution membrane and diffusion in the zeolite grain contribute to the overall rate of the process, and adsorption proceeds in a mixed diffusion mode. The contribution of the chemical stage to the kinetics of the heterogeneous adsorption process was characterized in terms of the kinetic models of Lagergren, Ho, and McKay and Elovich. The most applicable for describing explored the processes is the pseudo-second order model. The model assumes that the rate of adsorption of nickel(II) ions is limited by a chemical reaction, which, in the case of the zeolites under consideration, is accompanied by the formation of chelate complexes (composition 1:1) due to the donor-acceptor interaction of metal ions with nitrogen and sulfur atoms of the thiosemicarbazide fragment. This type of interaction is typical both for materials functionalized with thiosemicarbazide and, in general, for organic adsorbents containing N- and S‑active group

Cerebrospinal fluid sodium rhythms

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sodium levels have been reported to rise during episodic migraine. Since migraine frequently starts in early morning or late afternoon, we hypothesized that natural sodium chronobiology may predispose susceptible persons when extracellular CSF sodium increases. Since no mammalian brain sodium rhythms are known, we designed a study of healthy humans to test if cation rhythms exist in CSF. Methods: Lumbar CSF was collected every ten minutes at 0.1 mL/min for 24 h from six healthy participants. CSF sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by ion chromatography, total protein by fluorescent spectrometry, and osmolarity by freezing point depression. We analyzed cation and protein distributions over the 24 h period and spectral and permutation tests to identify significant rhythms. We applied the False Discovery Rate method to adjust significance levels for multiple tests and Spearman correlations to compare sodium fluctuations with potassium, protein, and osmolarity. Results: The distribution of sodium varied much more than potassium, and there were statistically significant rhythms at 12 and 1.65 h periods. Curve fitting to the average time course of the mean sodium of all six subjects revealed the lowest sodium levels at 03.20 h and highest at 08.00 h, a second nadir at 09.50 h and a second peak at 18.10 h. Sodium levels were not correlated with potassium or protein concentration, or with osmolarity. Conclusion: These CSF rhythms are the first reports of sodium chronobiology in the human nervous system. The results are consistent with our hypothesis that rising levels of extracellular sodium may contribute to the timing of migraine onset. The physiological importance of sodium in the nervous system suggests that these rhythms may have additional repercussions on ultradian functions

The morphology and biochemistry of nanostructures provide evidence for synthesis and signaling functions in human cerebrospinal fluid

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contacts many brain regions and may mediate humoral signaling distinct from synaptic neurotransmission. However, synthesis and transport mechanisms for such signaling are not defined. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether human CSF contains discrete structures that may enable the regulation of humoral transmission.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Lumbar CSF was collected prospectively from 17 participants: with no neurological or psychiatric disease, with Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, or migraine; and ventricular CSF from two cognitively healthy participants with long-standing shunts for congenital hydrocephalus. Cell-free CSF was subjected to ultracentrifugation to yield supernatants and pellets that were examined by transmission electron microscopy, shotgun protein sequencing, electrophoresis, western blotting, lipid analysis, enzymatic activity assay, and immuno-electron microscopy.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Over 3,600 CSF proteins were identified from repeated shotgun sequencing of cell-free CSF from two individuals with Alzheimer's disease: 25% of these proteins are normally present in membranes. Abundant nanometer-scaled structures were observed in ultracentrifuged pellets of CSF from all 16 participants examined. The most common structures included synaptic vesicle and exosome components in 30-200 nm spheres and irregular blobs. Much less abundant nanostructures were present that derived from cellular debris. Nanostructure fractions had a unique composition compared to CSF supernatant, richer in omega-3 and phosphoinositide lipids, active prostanoid enzymes, and fibronectin.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Unique morphology and biochemistry features of abundant and discrete membrane-bound CSF nanostructures are described. Prostaglandin H synthase activity, essential for prostanoid production and previously unknown in CSF, is localized to nanospheres. Considering CSF bulk flow and its circulatory dynamics, we propose that these nanostructures provide signaling mechanisms <it>via </it>volume transmission within the nervous system that are for slower, more diffuse, and of longer duration than synaptic transmission.</p

Noncontact determination of interface trap density for semiconductor-dielectric interface structures

Embodiments of the subject method and apparatus relate to a sequence of noncontact Corona-Kelvin Metrology, C-KM, that allows the determination and monitoring of interface properties in dielectric/wide band gap semiconductor structures. The technique involves the incremental application of precise and measured quantities of corona charge, QC, onto the dielectric surface followed by determination of the contact potential difference, VCPD, as the material structure response. The V-Q characteristics obtained are used to extract the surface barrier, VSB, response related to the applied corona charge. The metrology method presented determines an intersection of the VCPD-QC characteristic obtained in the dark with the VOX-QC characteristic representing the dielectric response. The specific VSB-QC dependence surrounding the reference VFB value is obtained from this method and allows the noncontact determination of the dielectric interface trap density and its spectrum. Application of embodiments of the subject metrology method to thermal oxide on n-type 4H—SiC demonstrates the modification of the Dit distribution by Fowler-Nordheim stress. In addition, an ability to quantify and separate trapped charge components is provided

Organizational Culture Management as an Element of Innovative and Sustainable Development of Enterprises

The paper is aimed at determining the relationship between personal and organizational values in an innovative company, and the compliance of the basic elements of the organizational culture of an enterprise to the requirements of its innovative development. The main goal of the study is to determine how to improve personnel activity by changing the organizational culture. To achieve the goal of this study, a survey of employees of an innovative Russian company is conducted in order to determine the compliance of the organizational culture as a whole, as well as its main elements (personal and organizational values), to modern business conditions. The main research methods employed are a questionnaire survey, bibliographic analysis, and content analysis. Barrett’s Cultural Values Assessment methodology is selected and adapted to the conditions of active innovative organizations and enterprises in Russia. Based on the application of Barrett’s Cultural Values Assessment methodology, adapted to the specifics of the given company, an assessment of the existing organizational culture is obtained, inconsistencies between the current and desired organizational culture are identified, and recommendations for changing the organizational culture of the company are formulated. It is concluded that organizational culture is an active resource when managing sustainable development, and is part of organizational innovation. A well-grounded and adequate choice of directions and methods for organizational changes is an important factor in achieving business sustainability. The results of the analysis imply the necessity of changing the existing organizational culture of the given company