The virulent Wolbachia strain wMelPop increases the frequency of apoptosis in the female germline cells of Drosophila melanogaster

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Wolbachia</it> are bacterial endosymbionts of many arthropod species in which they manipulate reproductive functions. The distribution of these bacteria in the <it>Drosophila</it> ovarian cells at different stages of oogenesis has been amply described. The pathways along which <it>Wolbachia</it> influences <it>Drosophila</it> oogenesis have been, so far, little studied. It is known that <it>Wolbachia</it> are abundant in the somatic stem cell niche of the <it>Drosophila</it> germarium. A checkpoint, where programmed cell death, or apoptosis, can occur, is located in region 2a/2b of the germarium, which comprises niche cells. Here we address the question whether or not the presence of <it>Wolbachia</it> in germarium cells can affect the frequency of cyst apoptosis in the checkpoint.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our current fluorescent microscopic observations showed that the wMel and wMelPop strains had different effects on female germline cells of <it>D. melanogaster.</it> The <it>Wolbachia</it> strain wMel did not affect the frequency of apoptosis in cells of the germarium. The presence of the <it>Wolbachia</it> strain wMelPop in the <it>D. melanogaster^w1118</it> ovaries increased the number of germaria where cells underwent apoptosis in the checkpoint. Based on the appearance in the electron microscope, there was no difference in morphological features of apoptotic cystocytes between <it>Wolbachia</it>-infected and uninfected flies. Bacteria with normal ultrastructure and large numbers of degenerating bacteria were found in the dying cyst cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our current study demonstrated that the <it>Wolbachia</it> strain wMelPop affects the egg chamber formation in the <it>D. melanogaster</it> ovaries. This led to an increase in the number of germaria containing apoptotic cells. It is suggested that <it>Wolbachia</it> can adversely interfere either with the cystocyte differentiation into the oocyte or with the division of somatic stem cells giving rise to follicle cells and, as a consequence, to improper ratio of germline cells to follicle cells and, ultimately, to apoptosis of cysts. There was no similar adverse effect in <it>D. melanogaster</it> Canton S infected with the <it>Wolbachia</it> strain wMel. This was taken to mean that the observed increase in frequency of apoptosis was not the general effect of <it>Wolbachia</it> on germline cells of <it>D. melanogaster</it>, it was rather induced by the virulent <it>Wolbachia</it> strain wMelPop.</p

Social And Private Partnership Through Contractual Arrangement

The article reveals some aspects concerning the categorical certainty of the concept of "public - private partnership (PPP)". Contemporary forms and mechanisms of the organization of public -private partnership have a long-term historical development both in Russia and abroad. The sources of the interaction between business and authority, in its modern sense, are traced in Russia even in the second half of the 17th century. The evolution of SPP beginning from the period of formation of Ancient Russia and up to the present moment is studied. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of modern problems in the sphere of implementing the directions of social partnership, in particular, the contractual arrangement. Key elements of the social partnership system in the Russian Federation are also analyzed. As a result of the study mutual dependencies and regularities of the development of SPP are determined; the generalized characteristic of each historical stage of the interaction is given; the basic forms, as well as mechanisms and conditions of the interaction are singled out retrospectively

Modern Model of Competences of Personal Agents as Increase Factor of Clients’ Subjective Well-being

The model of competences of personal agents is developed in the article. The model allows raising the level of subjective well-being of clients and promotes the growth of main indicators characterizing productivity of personal selling. The author designates a new group of stakeholders with which the company has to develop relationship for realization of a social orientation. Relationship marketing is defined taking into account the priority of its broad treatments and orientation on developing relationships with various groups of people. The concept ‘personal agent’ is entered into the theory of marketing. This concept reflects the activity of the seller in modern conditions more precisely. The definition of personal selling is given. Novelty of the author's formulation of this definition is that the personal agents have to own skillfully technologies of sales for achieving their purpose. It is proved that the main objective of personal selling in the context of relationship marketing is not sale of goods, but development of relationship between clients and personal agents (company). The author proves the importance of application of psychological theories and offers the method of creation of a psychological portrait of clients on the basis of classification of standard psychological characteristics. The behavioural indicators characterizing demonstration of all main competences of personal agents are revealed and presented

An Insight Into Beneficial Pseudomonas bacteria

Pseudomonas is a widespread bacterial genus embracing a vast number of species. Various genosystematic methods are used to identify Pseudomonas and differentiate these bacteria from species of the same genus and species of other genera. Ability to degrade and produce a whole spectrum of compounds makes these species perspective in industrial applications. It also makes possible to use various media, including wastes, for cultivation of Pseudomonas. Pseudomonads may be applied in bioremediation, production of polymers and low-molecular-weight compounds, biocontrol. Recent studies open up new frontiers for further use of Pseudomonas in various areas

Theoretical approaches to the definition of the concept of "Digital Education"

The relevance of the research is due to active introduction of digital tools into the education system in the context of Industry 4.0. Today digital service in education is assigned the role of an effective and comfortable mechanism for presenting information and communication services, digital resources to the subjects of education. Educational practices of using digital tools in education, as well as theoretical studies of the phenomenon of "digital education" need to be analyzed and systematized, which confirms the relevance of the research. The research problem lies in the theoretical substantiation of the category of "digital education". The purpose of the research is to clarify the essence of the concept of "digital education", to determine its meaningful content. The research methods. To achieve the goal theoretical methods have been used - analysis of materials and scientific publications on the problem under study, generalization, visual presentation of the results.The research results and conclusions. The author carried out a theoretical analysis of the current definitions of the content of "digital education", highlighted its most significant characteristics. The attention is focused on the general content aspect of digital education as an innovative model of educational practice, taking into account modern trends in the modernization of the social and economic sphere in the era of Industry 4.0. The study demonstrates the importance of digital education in the context of the digital revolution in the direction of expanding the opportunities for the provision of educational services

Distance educational technologies in teaching foreign languages (on the example of the Latin language)

The distance learning model is increasingly being introduced into the practice of educational institutions. Distance learning technologies allow the educational process to be carried out at a distance, expanding the capabilities of educational institutions. The research problem: the use of distance learning technologies in teaching Latin. The purpose of the research is to reveal the potential of distance learning technologies in teaching Latin. The research methods used are generalization, comparison, analysis, survey. The base of the research is FSBEI HE “Maykop State Technological University”, the Medical institute. The research results are the following: the potential of distance learning technologies in teaching Latin has been substantiated; studies related to the problem of distance learning in the study of foreign languages have been analyzed; the experience of using distance learning technologies in teaching Latin language has been presented. Key conclusions: distance learning technologies are information and communication technologies implemented using network resources in the indirect (distant) interaction between students and a teacher; distance learning technologies expand the possibilities of language training in modern conditions and can be considered as an additional resource for obtaining educational information, increasing the availability and quality of education; using e-Learning technologies (electronic educational environment of universities, Zoom and MIND online platforms) is an effective tool in teaching Latin, allowing to expand the range of opportunities for language training

Personal Sales Focused on Improving the Psychological Wellbeing of Customers in the Context of Relationship Marketing

The article focuses on theoretical principles of the organization of personal sales and marketing relationship. The definition of relationship marketing based on the identified priority position of relationship marketing is given. A new group of stakeholders-"needy" with which the company must build and develop relationships to solve social problemsis indicated. The principles of the concept of relationship marketing are clarified and developed. Considering the change of marketing paradigms and relevance of relationship marketing a new element of the marketing mix –"psychological approach" is provided. Application of psychological approach will allow employees of any company to understand and meet the real needs of customers’ better. The importance of the application of psychological theories in marketing proved. The role of personal sales significantly increased in the medium of relationship marketing is concluded. The notion of personal sales emphasizing the importance of knowing the psychology of customers, the ability to demonstrate significant competence and knowledge of modern technologies of sales by private agents is explained.Thepurpose of personal sales in the modern society is designed, which is predominantly expressed in the construction, maintenance and development of privileged relations with customers. A new stage of personal sales – "gaining knowledge" is suggested. The principles of personal sales, corresponding to the components of psychological wellbeing are discussed

The Leading Universities’ Social Responsibility and Regional Development

The paper deals with processes of development of a university's social responsibility in the regional community. The content of ten web-sites of Russia's federal universities and of official sites of regional authorities of their respective locations was taken as the initial empiric material. Theoretical analysis of basic viewpoints on the nature of buildup of universities' social responsibility was conducted. Basing on the socio-cultural approach to analysis of the mission and lines of the universities' activities, the authors generalized modern practices of social responsibility realization and gave insight into prospective lines of the universities' activity in the context of socio-economic development of Russian regions. As a working hypothesis, it has been assumed that it is human and professional experience of regional leaders that has considerable influence on formation of universities' and regions' mutual social responsibility for realization of socio-economic objectives of the regional development. Finally, conclusions about horizons and ways of enhancement of the role of social responsibility within the system of interrelations between universities and regions were formulated