ASSESSMENT OF THE REMOVAL OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM IN GREYWATER USING GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM AS AN ADSORBENT

Background Greywater contains a variety of inorganic compounds, which are characterized as toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic, which when persistent in the environment have the potential to cause an adverse effect on man and the environment. Little has been documented on the use of gliricidia sepium as an adsorbent in the removal of some heavy metals present in greywater. The study investigated the adsorption of nickel and chromium by modified gliricidia sepium stem from some bathroom greywater. Methods The gliricidia sepium stem was modified by mixing with 0.1 M NaOH. The effects of varying adsorbent loading, contact time, and pH of adsorption were studied. Similar experiments were carried out using unmodified gliricidia sepium stem, in order to compare the results obtained from the modification experiments. Results The results obtained show that the dosage of 5g was able to adsorb 0.38; 0.15 mg/L at the 4th and 28th hour for nickel and chromium respectively for the modified gliricidia sepium. For the non�modified gliricidia sepium the dosage of 5g was able to adsorb 0.0.09; 0.128 mg/L at the 28th and 24th hour for nickel and chromium respectively. Conclusion The NaOH modified adsorbent gave the best result for removal of nickel and chromium from bathroom greywater

Boundary Influence and Flow Characteristics of Orisa and Ala Rivers in Kwara and Ondo States, Nigeria

In this study, the effects of boundary influence on flow characteristics of Rivers Ala and Orisa were investigated. Soil samples were collected from three points each from both rivers namely Glory Parish Area (GPA), Olusola Oke Area (OOA) and Fiwasaye; Aran-Orin Area (AOA), Rore and Omu-Aran on Rivers Ala and Orisa Respectively. A MGG/KL-DCB Portable Electromagnetic Velocity Meter was used to measure the in-situ readings of discharge and velocity at the various points. The sediments collected from the sampling points were placed in the Flume in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Civil Engineering Department, Landmark University. The Flume was then set with the measured parameter (Discharge) for each sampling point to apply the Flume to determine the Velocity for both Rivers at slopes of 0.008 to 0.056 respectively. The velocities obtained at the different slopes were inserted into Manning’s Coefficient equation to obtain the flow characteristics. The relationship between the velocity and Manning’s Coefficient was determined using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. All analyses were done at P-value less than 0.05 level of significance. The velocity varied between 0.0237+ 0.0004 and 0.0587+ 0.0004 m/s; 0.0542+ 0.0004 and 0.0701+ 0.0003m/s and 0.0789+ 0.0005 and 0.0172+ 0.1323m/s for GPA, OOA and Fiwasaye for Ala River and between 0.0751+ 0.0007 and 0.1008+ 0.0006m/s; 0.0628+ 0.0007 and 0.0839+ 0.0004m/s and 0.0421+ 0.0005 and 0.1076+ 0.0004m/s for AOA, Rore and Omu-Aran for Orisa River. The results of the effects of soil boundary influence showed that the velocity was inversely proportional with the Mannings’ coefficient at all sampling points of both rivers if the geometry of the river channel is kept constant. This indicates that areas with high velocities are prone to flooding. Further studies should be carried out on more sampling points on the rivers to confirm flow characteristics of the rivers

Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera and Blends of Both Alum and Moringa as Coagulant in the Treatment of Dairy Wastewater.

. Food processing industries can cause some serious problems for the environment through the discharge of wastewater. There is little information on the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera (MO)seeds on the treatment of dairy wastewater, this study therefore evaluated the effectiveness of MO seeds and blends of both alum and MO in the coagulation of diary wastewater. Wastewater collected from oriental food industry limited was kept in a 10L capacity plastic container covered using a black polyethene bag containing ice blocks and conveyed to the laboratory where it was kept in a refrigerator. Six different beakers (Nos 0-5) were filled with 200 mL of wastewater and different doses of the selected coagulant (alum, MO and a blend of both) was added to the six beakers ranging from 0-10mL at an increment of 2mL to treat the wastewater. The beaker with number 0 served as the control (no dosage) and this whole process was applied to both coagulants. This test was carried out at a settling time of 1 hour. The physicochemical characteristics of the treated dairy wastewater were determined using the standard methods. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The analysis indicated that the raw wastewater had values of 932 NTU, 1690.99 mg/L, 7.2 and 685 mg/L for turbidity, BOD, pH and TSS respectively. The results revealed that at an optimum dosage and settling time of 10mL and 1hr respectively, the TSS removal efficiencies of 88.76, 82.63 and 86.42 % were obtained for blend of moringa and alum, alum and moringa respectively. The three types of coagulants did not have much effects on the BOD and there were no significant differences in the values. The use of the blend of moringa and alum is effective in the treatment of dairy wastewater

Estimation of Methane Emission Potentials in Landmark University Open Dump Site, Omu�Aran, Kwara State Nigeri

Most of the increasing quantity of wastes in institutions of higher learning, are disposed of through open dumping. The decomposition of these wastes has been identified to be a source of methane emissions. This study estimated methane emissions from the open dumpsite in Landmark University. An exploratory study design was adopted. The study involved physical characterization of solid wastes at the Landmark University for a period of three months and the estimation of methane emission potentials of the dumpsite for the years 2011 to 2031 using IPCC Default Method (DM) and the Landfill Gas Emission (LandGEM) Model Version 3.02.The study revealed the percentage composition of waste to be 48, 16, 12, 10, 5 and 3% for plastics, garden trimmings, paper, metal, food waste and textile respectively. The maximum methane emission is 11.65 and 2.48 Mg/year for DM and LandGEM respectively in the year 2021 while the methane emissions will decline to 7.06 and 1.50 Mg/year for DM and LandGEM respectively in the year 2031. The contribution of methane emissions in the University is still little as reflected in the values of 11.65 and 2.48 Mg/year although there is a tendency to increase as population increases. Further studies should be carried out to provide methane specific properties of the solid waste generated in Omu-Aran in order to build an inventory of methane emission parameters

Diurnal and Seasonal Variations in Carbon Dioxide Emissions in a Solid Waste Management Facility, Akure, Nigeria

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions through decomposition and waste life-cycle processes. The available literature is scanty on fluctuations of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from MSW facilities especially in tropical developing countries like Nigeria. This study monitored seasonal variations in the CO2 levels emitted at an open dump in the solid wastes management facility, Akure. For a year, wastes brought to the MSW facility from three major sources, viz: markets, residences and other non-specific sources dumped on roadside were assessed for their physical composition and the amount of waste generated. Air CO2 levels were monitored at seven critical locations Laboratory (L), Organic Fertilizer (OF), Plastic Recycling (PR), Overhead Tank (OT), Sorting Area (SA), Gatehouse (GH) and Outside(O) every day for a week at 9.00am, 12.00 noon and 2.00pm , during the dry and rainy seasons using a P-Sense Plus CO2 meter AZ-7755 (USA) and computed. Results indicate that the total wastes generated (paper) from all the sources were 5,834,005.0+ 5,079633.8 (wet season) and 4,266,871.0+3,745,337.8 kg (dry season), respectively. There were no significant differences in the carbon dioxide levels in the morning: 506.9 + 71.1 and 537.0 + 91.8 ppm; 450.6 + 28.4 and 456.0 + 10.8 ppm; 442.6+ 19.4 and 448.0 + 10.4ppm for the L, SA and GH; in the noon: 415.0 + 15.9 and 458.5 + 44.1ppm; 427.3 + 20.5 and 443.5 + 10.4 ppm and 425.6 + 14.3 and 438.0 + 0.12 ppm for PR, OT and GH and the afternoon: 434.3 + 45.3 and 438.0 + 7.2 ppm for GH only in the wet and dry seasons respectively. The atmospheric CO2 data in the study area showed clear seasonal and diurnal variations as evident in values of 438.00 to 630.0 ppm in the dry season and 407.3 and 506.9 ppm for wet season. These values were above the regulatory limit of 400.00 ppm specified by the National guideline values. The study suggested periodic monitoring of air carbon dioxide levels keeping in mind the seasonal variation

EFFECTS OF TRAINING AND PROVISION OF COLLECTION BIN ON SOURCE-SEPARATION OF SOLIDS WASTES AMONG WORKERS OF A TERTIARY INSTITUTION IN NIGERIA

Source-separation is a solid waste management strategy which aids recycling. This concept is relatively new in Nigeria. The study therefore assessed the effects, of a training intervention education and awareness and provision of a refuse bin on workers' practice of separation. validated questionnaire with a 5-point knowledge scale was used to collect data at baseline from two groups made of the Experimental Group (EG) (180) and Control Group (CG) (168) workers respectively in the University of Ibadan on source-separation of solid wastes. A fabricated waste bin with three compartments was placed only at the EG and the workers there were trained on its utilization for source-separation of solid wastes. The CG was left to continue with the usual practice of waste collection without source-separation. At the end of the one-month intervention, a post-intervention data collection from the two groups was conducted with the same questionnaire used at baseline. Descriptive statistics and t-test were used to analyse data. Findings revealed that the training and provision of a collection bin was effective in facill-tating the practice of source-separation among the Experimental Group. Therefore, advocacy, training and provision of refuse bins are needed to promote the adoption of source-separation in the institution

Assessment of the impact of abattoir activities on the physicochemical properties of soils within a residential area of Omu-Aran, Nigeria

Waste effluents from abattoirs have been documented to have harmful effects on the soil media. There is little information about the level of contamination by abattoir effluents on the soil media in Omu-Aran. This study therefore assessed soil samples for possible contamination of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals from different points and some meters away from the mini abattoir in Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria. Soil samples which are 18 in number were collected from the soil around wells which are owned by individuals and a well designated as Control situated at distances which vary and different elevations to the abattoir. The physicochemical parameters of the soil samples were obtained by applying the standard methods. The analysis of data was achieved using descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The mean values of parameters in the soil samples collected around the studied wells ranged from 31.00±2.00–110.03±8.72 mg/L and 7.21±0.02–7.83±0.02 for electrical conductivity and pH respectively. Chloride, nitrate and phosphate had values of 6.37±0.13–9.13±0.21 mg/L, 3.67±0.07–4.50±0.31 mg/L and 3.86±0.07–5.41±0.30 mg/L respectively. However, average values for heavy metals (Ni, Cr and Pb) though slightly higher than the control site, were above permissible limits. Activities within Omu-Aran Abattoir impacts negatively on the surrounding arable soils; therefore, pollution control procedures which are sustainable should be implemented for abattoirs situated in residential area

Design of A Water Transmission and Storage System for Sustainable Reuse of Wastewater Within A University Community

This research is aimed at designing a wastewater transmission system from storage to treatment and, eventually to storage in an elevated steel tank. The work includes the design of a 750,000-litre capacity underground concrete reservoir and a 125,000-litre capacity elevated steel tank. For the transmission design, field activities involved the use of Magellan eXplorist 350H North America G.P.S. and Google Earth to determine coordinates of different points in a selected private university campus, southwest Nigeria as well as the lowest and the highest elevation points. The highest point in the university was located at the postgraduate hall of residence, and the lowest point was located at the schools constructed wetland within the campus. WaterCAD was used to design the flow path network, while the water storage design software used for this project are StaadPro.V8i, Orion 18, and AutoCAD 2013. StaadPro.V8i was employed for the analysis and design of the underground storage facility and the elevated steel tank, while the Orion software was utilized for concrete design and detailing of the underground storage facility. The results from all the design applications were exported to the AutoCAD environment for editing and proper scaling. This study has revealed that the construction of a 750 m³ underground storage tank would be highly efficient and economical when compared to a smaller tank. Also, both the hydrostatic forces acting internally within the underground tank and active and passive pressure acting externally toward the wall has shown to possess zero impact on the shear wal

Solid waste characterization and its recycling potential: Akure municipal dumpsite, Southwestern, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to characterize and determine the recycling potential of municipal solid waste brought to a cen�tralized facility in Akure, Nigeria. The facility serves a population of over 350,000 people. For a year, waste brought to the municipal solid waste facility from three sources namely market, residential and curbsides were characterized and quantified monthly. Physical and chemical characteristics of the waste were determined using standard methods. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical analysis. The results showed that an average of 0.17 ton of waste is transported to the dumpsite from the three major sources every day. There were statistically significant differences in all the types of waste except paper brought from the three sources. The wastes transported from the three sources in the city to the dumpsite were mainly com�posed of paper at 17.3%, nylon at 26.6%, organic waste at 25% and sand at 18.9%. These obtained values were compared with waste generated in the same area from studies in the literature. The chemical conditions of the organic waste showed that it could be used for efficient composting. The usage of the recycling plant was not effectively maximized, despite the high (96%) recyclable potentials of the waste