Hawaiian Picture‐Winged Drosophila Exhibit Adaptive Population Divergence along a Narrow Climatic Gradient on Hawaii Island

1. Anthropogenic influences on global processes and climatic conditions are increasingly affecting ecosystems throughout the world. 2. Hawaii Island’s native ecosystems are well studied and local long‐term climatic trends well documented, making these ecosystems ideal for evaluating how native taxa may respond to a warming environment. 3.This study documents adaptive divergence of populations of a Hawaiian picture‐winged Drosophila, D. sproati, that are separated by only 7 km and 365 m in elevation. 4.Representative laboratory populations show divergent behavioral and physiological responses to an experimental low‐intensity increase in ambient temperature during maturation. The significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment for behavioral and physiological measurements indicates differential adaptation to temperature for the two populations. 5.Significant differences in gene expression among males were mostly explained by the source population, with eleven genes in males also showing a significant interaction of source population by temperature treatment. 6.The combined behavior, physiology, and gene expression differences between populations illustrate the potential for local adaptation to occur over a fine spatial scale and exemplify nuanced response to climate change

Isoacids In The Ruminant

The Cornell University ruminant physiologist Peter J. Van Soest has stated As a result of evolution, ruminants have probably adapted to efficient gluconeogenesis, while the lower digestive tract has adapted to the lack of sugar and starch. The true diet of the ruminant is not what it eats, but rather, the combination of fermentation products and fermented feed that escapes from the rumen. The net changes in the ingested feed include conversion of dietary protein and nitrogen into microbial protein, and conversion of carbohydrate into a variety of non-carbohydrate products

Dr. Uhlenhopp Reviews

Veterinary Medicine in Economic Transition by Malcolm Getz. Hardcover, 288 pp. ISU Press, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300. ISBN 0·8138-1814·1. 1997. Available through ISUPress, 2121 S. State Avenue, Ames, IA 50014·8300. $44.95, price subject to change without notice. This book is well written for the intended , audience, and is highly recommended by the reviewer for reading by practicing veterinarians, veterinary students, veterinary educators, and state legislators. The author takes veterinary medicine from the warmth of the image of the Gentle Doctor to the cool impartiality of economic analysis. This treatment gives the reader an excellent grounding in the perspectives that someone without a veterinary bias might use in viewing the current economic status and the future of veterinary medicine in the United States. Historical changes \u27 in veterinary medicine and current trends of veterinary practice receive excellent coverage. The section subtitled Prognosis on pages 176-178 provides food for thought regarding influences and pressures on the profession

Nodule Initiation Elicited by Noninfective Mutants of \u3cem\u3eRhizobium phaseoli\u3c/em\u3e

Rhizobium phaseoli CE106, CE110, and CE115, originally derived by transposon mutagenesis (Noel et al., J. Bacteriol. 158:149-155, 1984), induced the formation of uninfected root nodule-like swellings on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Bacteria densely colonized the root surface, and root hair curling and initiation of root cortical-cell divisions occurred normally in mutant-inoculated seedlings, although no infection threads formed. The nodules were ineffective, lacked leghemoglobin, and were anatomically distinct from normal nodules. Ultrastructural specialization for ureide synthesis, characteristic of legumes that form determinate nodules, was absent. Colony morphology of the mutant strains on agar plates was less mucoid than that of the wild type, and under some cultural conditions, the mutants did not react with Cellufluor, a fluorescent stain for β-linked polysaccharide. These observations suggest that the genetic lesions in these mutants may be related to extracellular polysaccharide synthesis

Modified Medicated Early Weaning

In the past, when a swine unit wanted to eradicate a certain disease such as Pseudorabies, costly depopulation/repopulation was the only viable solution. Depopulation, facility cleanup, and repopulation is not always successful because nearby herds with a lower health status my provide a source for reinfection. In 1980, Tom Alexander of Cambridge University developed a system for producing pigs \u27free of certain diseases without costly depopulation

Isoacids - An Overview

Recently there has been much excitement regarding the use of isoacids as a feed additive. In the fall of 1985, isoacids became available as a new FDAapproved feed additive for dairy cows by Eastman® Chemical Co., under the trade name Eastman IsoPlus Nutritional Supplement. News releases in 1986 reported promising results obtained by Dr. Steven Nissen at Iowa State University in research with one of the isoacids, 2-ketoisocaproic acid. The objective of this paper is to explain what isoacids are, their mode of action, and the results of the early feeding trails of IsoPlus™. Isoacids are the branched ketoacids resulting from the natural rumen degradation of their corresponding amino acids. IsoPlus™ is the calcium salt of four volatile fatty acids (isobutyric, isovaleric, valeric, and 2-methylbutyric). Valeric acid is a straight chain 5-carbon fatty acid. The other three are isoacids (branched-chain fatty acids). Isobutyric, isovaleric and 2-methylbutyric are produced in the rumen mainly by oxidative deamination and decarboxylation of the amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine respectivelyl,2,3 (Figure 1). Valeric acid is produced mainly from carbohydrate or from amino acids such as proline

A TRANSLOG COST FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF U.S. AGRICULTURE: A DYNAMIC SPECIFICATION

This study has used an empirical approach developed by Urga and Walters (2003) to examine the implications of the short-run specification of the standard translog cost specification along with the possible implications of non-stationarity. We have estimated a dynamic translog cost specification complete with dynamic share equations for U.S. agriculture and compared it to the static, long-run specification. We found that the dynamic translog specification yielded more significant parameter estimates, and yielded results that are consistent with economic theory. In particular, the coefficient m (the adjustment cost parameter) determines the overall autoregressive structure of the model. The fact that its estimated value (0.36) is statistically different from zero at any conventional level of confidence indicates that the dynamic structure of the model is important. This finding illustrates the superiority of the short-run, dynamic specification over the static, long-run model.Agribusiness,

U.S. Consumer Animosity Towards Vietnam: A Comparison Of Generations

Previous marketing literature suggests that unique marketing strategies are needed for each American generation (Moschis, 2003). The differences between the generational age cohorts are based upon values, preferences, and behaviors unique to each generation and were developed based upon individuals’ formative experiences shared as a generation (Smith and Clurman, 1997).  While age has been identified as a factor to the development of consumer animosity (Klein and Ettenson, 1999), the question remains: Do older consumers harbor more animosity towards foreign nations?  Is it the environment in which each person forms their values, preferences, and behaviors that helps determine their level of animosity?  The current study uses a historical context to examine American generations and their animosity towards Vietnam.  Results support the hypotheses that American generations do not significantly differ in their levels of animosity towards Vietnam. The findings suggest that age has a spurious correlation with the development of consumer animosity