Simulation of broaching operations for tool design optimization

In this study, an approach for simulation of broaching operations is presented. The proposed approach calculates the cutting forces, power, maximum stress at the tooth root, chip thickness and rake angle distribution on all teeth, and the workpiece geometry evolution during the process. The developed algorithms are integrated in a computer software that can simulate a whole broaching process to predict various physical parameters and generate some performance measures. The model which is used to optimize the broaching process is briefly presented here together with the industrial applications

Effect of dietary moringa (Moringa oleifera) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) leaves or their mixture on productive performance, carcass characteristics and antioxidant enzymes of rabbits reared under heat stress conditions

Sixty growing New Zealand White (NZW) male rabbits aged six weeks, weighed 750.0±5g were used in a feeding experiment lasted 9 weeks. Rabbits were housed in controlled-climatic conditions at a mean ambient temperature 33.1°C and relative humidity 43% to keep rabbits under heat stress conditions. The rabbits were randomly distributed to four equal groups (five replicates each). The 1st group fed the control diet (R1), R2 group fed diet supplemented with 1% moringa leaves, R3 group fed diet supplemented with 1% rosemary leaves, while R4 group fed diet supplemented with a mixture of moringa and rosemary leaves of 0.5% each. Diets and water were provided ad-libitum over nine weeks. The results revealed that live body weight, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly improved with R4 and R2 diets, while daily feed intake was not affected among groups. Apparent digestibility of crude fiber and ether extract were increased (p≤0.05) with R2 diet. Nitrogen balance was positive for all groups, however improvement (p≤0.05) was detected with R2 than control. Carcass characteristics were not affected among experimental groups. Hemo-lysatic catalase, glutathione peroxidase and super-oxide dismutase levels were increased (p≤0.01) with supplemented diets, while malondialdehyde was obviously decreased in the experimental groups compared with the control. It could be concluded that, supplementing diets with 1% moringa dry leaves or mixture of moringa leaves and rosemary leaves by 0.5+0.5% can be used to improve growth performance, nutrient digestibility and antioxidant status of rabbits reared under heat stress conditions

Perspective Chapter: History and Classification of Gold Mineralization in Egypt

Gold deposits and occurrences are spread over a large number of sites which covered by Precambrian the basement rocks in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, and the gold exploration and mining activities had been districted since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians extracted gold from quartz veins of various dimensions in open pits and underground workings. Consequently, gold production in Egypt seems to have started as early as the predynastic times (about 6000 BCE) from Pre-and Early Dynastic times to Early Arab Period. In the modern days, Egyptian mineral resource authority announced many big international bid-rounds for Gold Exploration and associated minerals was launched to open the minerals sector to foreign investment in the mining industry. Many studies have been achieved to classify the gold deposits in Egypt based on various characteristics such as the nature, occurrences, type of host rock, tectonic setting, metal association, fluid inclusion, and the tectonic environment of mineralization. Gold deposit in Egypt still need more geological and mining studies to understand the gold system types, additionally, to get answers regarding to source, transportation, traps, and host rocks, as well as the whole challenges in mining sectors

EFFECT OF EGYPTIAN CORN SILK POWDER SUPPLEMENTATION TO DIET ON SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS, LIVE BODY WEIGHT AND LIVER HISTOLOGY OF BROILER CHICKENS FED SLAUGHTER-HOUSES BY-PRODUCT

The present study was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of corn silk powder addition to   chicks diets containing poultry slaughter houses by- products (SH). A total number of 120 chicks were divided into five experimental groups of 24 chicks each in three replicates of 8 chicks. The first group was fed the basal control diet, the second and third groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 3 and 6% of SH, while the fourth group was fed the basal diet supplied with 6% SH plus 1.5% corn silk powder (CSP) and the fifth group was fed the basal diet with 1.5% corn silk powder. Live body weight and some blood parameters were recorded. Liver sections were examined to detect any histopathological signs of hepatic damage. Results showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly decreased in CSP treatment groups compared with the control un - supplemented group. The level of alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) were significantly increased in the SH–fed   chicken especially for those fed the 6% SH– supplemented diet, but the SP addition improved these parameters. Blood urea and creatinine were not significantly affected by different treatments. Live body weight and body weight gain were significantly increased as a result of CSP addition to diets. Dietary inclusion of 6% SH by-products caused deleterious effects on liver histology including disruption in the arrangement of hepatocytes, dilation of the portal vein accompanied by the presence of many necrotic and cirrhotic areas, but CSP addition to chicken diet enhances liver histological structure. It is concluded that CSP addition to broiler chicks diet could improve the productive performance of chicks and protect their organs from the deleterious effect of by – products SH contamination

INFLUENCE OF IN-OVO INJECTION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND SELENOMETHIONINE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF BROILER CHICKS

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of in ovo injection of broiler eggs with different levels and forms of selenium on growth performance and some blood parameters of post hatched chicks.  A total of 300 fertilized eggs obtained from a commercial Arbor Acres broiler breeder flock, were used in the present experiment. They were divided randomly into six treatment groups, 50 eggs each. The first one was kept as a control– non injected  group, the second group  (sham)  injected with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the 3rd and 4th groups were injected with  selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) at 10 and 20  ug/egg, while the 5th and 6th groups were injected with organic selenium (Se-Methionine) at 50 and 100 ug/egg , respectively.  All eggs were incubated in a forced draught incubator at the recommended temperature, relative humidity and turning patterns .The in ovo injection procedure was done at the 16th day of incubation. The criteria of response includes: live body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, total protein, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and glucose. The results showed that the supplementation of Se did not significantly affect growth performance traits. Supplementation of nano-Se increased plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin and HDL, and decrease glucose, however, no significant differences in globulin, A/G ratio, cholesterol and triglyceride levels. It can be concluded that the use of 20 ug /egg of Nano-Se caused an improvement of growth performance and feed conversion ratio without negative effects on blood constituents

INFLUENCE OF IN OVO INJECTION OF INORGANIC IRON AND ITS NANOPARTICLES FORM ON GROWTH, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS

A total of 320 fertile eggs, were divided randomly into 4 treatments with four replicates and 20 eggs per each replicate. Treatments including: T1; control; without injection, T2; injected with 0.1ml saline solution; sham control, T3, injected with0.1 ml either containing 0.75 ppm inorganic or Nano – iron particles 75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic, T4, injected with 75 ppm Fe inorganic  On the 7th day of incubation, 0.1 ml solution was In ovo injected into the egg .Body weight and body weight gain were measured at biweekly intervals, at 42d of age, three hens per replicate were weighted, sacrificed for slaughtering weights of carcass, internal organs(heart, liver, and lymphoid organs i.e. (spleen, thymus and Bursa) were recorded. Blood samples were collected at slaughtering bird at 42d of age. There were significant increase in body weight and body weight gain in treatments injected with75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic and 75 ppm Fe inorganic compared with control. There were no significantly differences among all experimental groups in dressed carcass, gizzard, and heart, liver. Abdominal fat decreased in groups injectedwith75 ppm both iron forms. Compared with the control group. No variation was observed in the weight of bursa and spleen, however thymus weight was significantly higher in both Fe inorganic and Fe nano inorganic injected groups than un-injected control group. High density lipoprotein concentration and cholesterol were significantly decreased by different treatment as compared with the control group. These results suggest that, 75 ppm Fe inorganic or75 ppm Fe-Nano injection at the 7th im proved at the 7th day of incubation improved embryonic growth and development as well as decreasing post hatched chick's plasma cholesterol

ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EFFECTS ON PRODUCTIVE, PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF TWO DEVELOPED LAYING HENS

In this experiment, a total number of 165 birds (150 female + 15 male) from each developed laying hens Silver Montaza and Matrouh 20 weeks old up to 40 weeks of age. All bids were weighted and randomly distributed into five treatments with three replicates per treatment (10 females and 1 male / replicate) with almost similar initial average body weight. Feed and fresh water were ad libitum during the experimental period. Each experimental group was exposed to natural day light and supplemented with Ultraviolet light as in its program light, the first group (control group) exposed to no UV light, the second, third, fourth and fifth groups were exposed to 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours/day respectively to UV light from UV lamps after sunset, and controlled by a timer as following : 1- Hens in the first treatment were exposed to sun light and yellow lamps to 17h/day without exposed to UV lamps (Control). 2- Hens in the second treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 1h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 3- Hens in the third treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 2h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 4- Hens in the fourth treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 3h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 5- Hens in the fifth treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset and UV lamps for 4h/day without exposed to yellow lamps. Birds were reared under similar condition. The results indicated that live body weight (LBW), feed intake (FI), egg mass, some blood components, immune responses to sheep red blood cells and New castle were significantly improved (P≤0.05) by exposed birds to UV lamps after sunset supplemented in its program light. It could be concluded that the efficient exposed time to UV lamps was (2-3 hours/day) for silver Montaza and Matrouh developed laying hens

EFFECT OF RE-MATING INTERVAL AFTER THE FIRST PARTURITION ON THE LITTER PARAMETERS, MILK YIELD AND REPRODUCTION TRAITS OF RABBIT DOES

A total number of 120 nulliparous APRI and Baladi Black does (60 does for each breed) were mated at 5 months of age at the beginning of the breeding season (during September) to study the effect of re-mating interval after the first parturition on the litter parameters, milk yield per day and reproduction traits. All does were randomly divided into three equal groups according to reproductive rhythm: The 1st group: post partum (PP), the 2nd group: 11 days after parturition (P11), and the 3rd group: Post weaning (PW) .The body weight of P11 does were slightly higher than that of PP or PW groups. The re- mating interval groups during second parity had significant (P<0.05) effects on litter traits at weaning. Litter size and Litter weight at weaning age in PW group were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP and P11 groups. Litter weight at 21 days of age in PW and P11 groups were higher significantly (P<0.05) than those in PP group. The PW group had significant higher litter size at weaning than those in PP group. Daily milk yield (DMY) after second parity was affected significantly by re-mating interval groups in the third and fourth week of suckling period. GL in PP group was higher significantly (P<0.05) comparing with P11 or PW groups. The values of litter size and weight traits were better for APRI does comparing with BB except litter weight at 21 days. The difference in results between the two breeds in daily milk yield showed generally higher trend of daily milk yield for APRI over BB. The Kindling interval and the gestation period were significantly (P<0.05) affected by interaction of re-mating interval group and breed. In conclusion, applying a lengthened period after the first kindling (by more than 10 days or after weaning) had a favorable effect on the does’ production

IN-OVO INCULATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES IMPROVES PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE, BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE, ANTIOXIDANT STATUS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE OF HATCHED CHICKS

Selenium is a trace element essential in animal nutrition and exerts multiple actions related to enhance animal production, fertility, immune response and antioxidant defense system of chickens. The aim of the present study is investigating the benefit effects of selenium nanoparticles (SEN) in-ovo injection on productive performance, express stimulate antioxidant defense system and immune response of hatched chicks.  A total of 210 broiler breeder eggs ( Habbard Star-Bro) were divided into three in-ovo injection treatment groups,( 0, 5 and 10 ppm SEN) and incubated. Hatchability traits , productive performance,  biochemical profile, antioxidant status and immune response of hatched chicks were estimated. Results indicated significant increase in HDLcholesterol, T3, GSR, GSH, IGA, IGM and IGG as affected by in-ovo inoculated SEN levels. However feed conversion ratio, triglycerides and MDA significantly decreased by in-ovo treatments. No significant alternations were recorded in hatched chicks weight, feed intake, body weight, body weight gain, carcass characteristics, and serum levels of protein fractions, cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, ALT, AST, ALP, uric acid, creatinine and glucose in in-ovo treated groups compared with the control one. It is summarized that, in-ovo inoculation of different levels of SEN can improve feed conversion ratio, lipid profile, antioxidants status and immunity of  broiler hatched chicks

EFFECT OF SEASON ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNITY TRAITS IN RABBITS

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of season on growth performance traits, leptin hormone concentration and gene expression for innate immunity in response to vaccination against pasteurellosis. A Total of 384 weaned rabbits were used in this study. They were from females of APRI line, a local population. Rabbits weaned at 33-35 days and introduced in the experiment at weaning. Arbitrarily, weight at beginning was considered as the "5 weeks" weight. All rabbits were weighed every 7 days and the feed consumption measured at the same weekly interval until all rabbits were 12 weeks old. Leptin hormone level in serum was assayed. Vaccination with Pasteurella multocida was studied in a challenge experiment. Gene expressions for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-4 (TR4) were assayed by Real Time-PCR. Parameters of the antioxidant status were included reactive oxygen species, (ROS) expressed as H2O2, Lipid Peroxide, expressed as malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase. Blood samples were taken at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The body weights in winter at W5, W8and W12 of age were higher than those in others seasons. Season had a significant (P≤0.05) influence on daily gain and feed intake. Season had no significant influence on Leptin hormone level in growing rabbits. Vaccination with Pasteurellamultocida led to an increase in gene expression for IL-6 in autumn and winter. Expression for IL-6 in spring has the lowest values. Gene expression of TR4 in rabbits under different seasons was not significantly different. It is can cluded that vaccination by Pasteurellamultocida needs some additives to enhance immunity especially during summer and spring seasons