Green synthesized extracts/Au complex of <i>Phyllospongia lamellosa</i>:unrevealing the anti-cancer and anti-bacterial potentialities, supported by metabolomics and molecular modeling

The anti-cancer and anti-bacterial potential of the Red Sea sponge Phyllospongia lamellosa in its bulk (crude extracts) and gold nanostructure (loaded on gold nanaoparticles) were investigated. Metabolomics analysis was conducted, and subsequently, molecular modeling studies were conducted to explore and anticipate the P. lamellosa secondary metabolites and their potential target for their various bioactivities. The chloroformic extract (CE) and ethyl acetate extract (EE) of the P. lamellosa predicted to include bioactive lipophilic and moderately polar metabolites, respectively, were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The prepared AuNPs were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–vis spectrophotometric analyses. The cytotoxic activities were tested against MCF-7, MDB-231, and MCF-10A. Moreover, the anti-bacterial, antifungal, and anti-biofilm activity were assessed. Definite classes of metabolites were identified in CE (terpenoids) and EE (brominated phenyl ethers and sulfated fatty amides). Molecular modeling involving docking and molecular dynamics identified Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) as a potential target for the anti-cancer activities of terpenoids. Moreover, CE exhibited the most powerful activity against breast cancer cell lines, matching our molecular modeling study. On the other hand, only EE was demonstrated to possess powerful anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activity against Escherichia coli. In conclusion, depending on their bioactive metabolites, P. lamellosa-derived extracts, after being loaded on AuNPs, could be considered anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-biofilm bioactive products. Future work should be completed to produce drug leads

Novel trends in extraction and optimization methods of bioactives recovery from pomegranate fruit biowastes: Valorization purposes for industrial applications

Pomegranate biowastes present potential economic value worldwide owing to their several health benefits mediated by a complex mixture of unique bioactives. The exploitation of these bioactives has motivated the exploration of eco-friendly, efficient, and cost-effective extraction techniques to maximize their recovery. The current review aims to provide updated technical information about bioactives extraction mechanisms from pomegranate wastes (seeds and peel), their advantages and disadvantages, and factors towards optimization. A comparative overview of the modern green extraction techniques viz., supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and eutectic solvent mixture as alternatives to conventional extraction methods for seeds and peel is presented. Approaches focused on biowastes modification for properties improvement are also discussed. Such comprehensive review shall provide the best valorization practices of pomegranate biowastes and its application in food and non-food areas focusing on original methods, innovation, protocols, and development to be considered for other fruit biowastes