Effect of Non-Hormonal Treatment Options On Reducing Vasomotor Symptoms Among Menopausal Women

Menopause is the point in a woman's life when she has not had a menstrual period for one year. The primary symptom of peri-menopause is the vasomotor symptoms (VMS). Many postmenopausal women have hot flashes and night sweats. Lifestyle changes are effective and safe options for management of hot flashes. Also marjoram can reduce the negative effects of menopause. Aim of the study: To reduce the intensity and frequency of VMS among menopausal women. Subjects and Methods: A quasi experimental design with pre and post-test was used. Setting: This study was carried out at the primary health care center in Al- Ghory village at Menoufiya Governorate, Egypt. Subjects: a total of 100 menopausal women participated in the study. Data collection tools included structured interviewing questionnaire and VMS assessment questionnaire. Results: near to three quadrants of the women were aged from 45-50 years old. Regarding to drinking tea and coffee, there were statistical significant differences (P<0.001*) between pre and post-test. Also there were big changes in the methods of dealing with VMS such as using cotton bed linens and using well-ventilated bed room (85%) in the post test. In addition, the intensity and frequency of VMS and the time of its occurrence decreased from 78.0% to 57.9%. Conclusion: non-hormonal treatment options (lifestyle changes and marjoram) are viable for the treatment of VMS in menopausal women. It can reduce the intensity and frequency of VMS. Recommendations: encouraging a healthy lifestyle, eating a healthy diet and avoiding dietary triggers such as spicy, hot foods, pickles and caffeine to reduce the intensity and frequency of the VMS. Key words: Menopause, Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS), Hot Flashes, Lifestyle, Marjoram.

Comparing the Efficacy of Custodiol and Cold Blood Cardioplegia in Myocardial Preservation

Background: Strategies for myocardial protection vary among surgeons, and data on the optimal cardioplegia solution are insufficient. The perfect cardioplegia solution for myocardial protection during cardiac surgery is still controversial. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of custodiol and cold blood cardioplegia in preserving the myocardium. Methods: In this comparative prospective study, the patients were split into two groups of 60 patients each. Group A received Custodiol HTK solution, whereas Group B received cold blood cardioplegia. Preoperative laboratory investigations, operative data, postoperative ICU stays, and complications were compared between groups. Results: The number of cardioplegia doses was significantly greater in Group B (1.05 ± 0.22, vs. 1.90 ± 0.82; p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the cardioplegia groups regarding hospital stay (p= 0.246), intensive care unit stay (p= 0.144), mortality (p= 0.769), low cardiac output (p>0.99), postoperative myocardial infarction (p= 0.432), intra-aortic balloon pump insertion (p= 0.224), reoperation (p>0.99), duration of mechanical ventilation (p= 0.389), pulmonary complications (p= 0.432), stroke (p>0.99), or the need for renal dialysis (p= 0.559). Conclusions: Custodiol cardioplegia could be advantageous in cardiac surgeries when a longer duration is expected. However, this study did not report differences in postoperative outcomes between patients with custodiol or cold blood cardioplegia

DEVELOPMENT OF A DYNAMIC TEST FACILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEMS

Passenger cars and light trucks consume 80% of the total oil imported by U.S.A. Mobile air conditioners (MACs) increase vehicle fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. They operate most of the time in a transient state. It is currently impossible to test the performance of an air conditioner during transient operation without it being associated with its intended conditioned space, the car cabin. In this research work a new smart test facility is designed, built, and verified. This facility makes it possible to test the MAC independent of the vehicle, but yet under realistic dynamic conditions. The facility depends on simulation software that measures the conditions of the air supplied by the MAC and subsequently adjusts the conditions of the air returning to the MAC depending on the results of a thermal numerical model of the car cabin that takes into consideration sensible and latent loads, as well as passengers' control settings. It was successful in controlling the temperature and relative humidity within ±0.9°C and ±5% of their respective intended values. The test facility is used to investigate the dynamic performance of a typical R134a MAC system. The tests include pull-down, drive cycle, and cyclic on/off tests. The analysis focuses on the latent capacity and moisture removal due to the difficulty in measuring these variables during field tests. The results show that the most energy efficient method to pull-down the air temperature inside a hot-soaked cabin is to start with fresh air as long as the temperature in the cabin exceeds that of the ambient and then switch to recirculated air. The effect of re-evaporation is illustrated by showing the off-cycle latent capacity. Cyclic tests show that the net moisture removal rate has a minimum at around a 2 minute duty cycles. This implies a means of controlling the coil latent heat factor by varying duty cycle. The automotive air conditioning system is numerically modeled and used in cooperation with the cabin model to conduct numerical tests. The numerical simulation results are compared to the experimental results and the error is less than 1.5 K of cabin air temperature

Sinteza novih derivata testosterona sa supstituiranim pirazolinskim prstenom kao inhibitori 5alpha-reduktaze

Condensation of 3β-hydroxy-16-[(4-chlorophenyl)methylene]androst-5-en-17-one 1 with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid afforded N-acetyl pyrazoline derivative 2, while, condensation of 1 with semicarbazide afforded compound 3. Also, compound 1 was treated with hydrazine hydrate in absolute methanol or ethanol to afford the corresponding -methoxy (4) and -ethoxy (5) derivatives, which were cyclized with etherated boron trifluoride to the pyrazoline derivative 6. The later could be prepared directly by refluxing of 1 with hydrazine hydrate in dioxane. Oxidation of compound 6 with Oppenour or Moffat oxidizing agents yielded 3-oxo-derivatives 7 and 8, respectively. On the other hand, condensation of compound 1 with substituted hydrazines, gave the corresponding 3beta-hydroxyandrostenopyrazolines 9a,b, which were oxidized using Moffat method give 3-oxo-androstenopyrazolines 10a,b, which were condensed with ethylene triphenyl-phosphorane in DMSO to yield 3-ethylene androstenopyrazolines 11a,b. Dehydrogenation of 9a,b with Wettestein oxidation afforded 4,6-diene-3-one analogues 12a,b, which were treated with chloranil to yield delta4,6,8(14)-triene-3-one analogues 13a,b. Oppenour oxidation of 9a,b afforded Δ4-ene-3-one analogues 14a,b, which were treated with dichlorodicyanoquinone (DDQ) in dioxane to give Δ1,4,6-triene-3-one analogues 15a,b. Pharmacological screening showed that many of these compounds exhibit 5alpha-reductase activity.Kondenzacijom 3β-hidroksi-16-[(4-klorofenil)metilen]androst-5-en-17-ona 1 s hidrazin hidratom u octenoj kiselini dobiven je derivat N-acetil pirazolina 2, a kondenzacijom 1 sa semikarbazidom priređen je spoj 3. Reakcijom spoja 1 s hidrazin hidratom u apsolutnom metanolu ili etanolu nastali su odgovarajući -metoksi (4) i -etoksi (5) derivati, koji su ciklizirani s borovim trifluoridom u derivat pirazolina 6. Isti spoj se može pripaviti izravno refluksiranjem spoja 1 s hidrazin hidratom u dioksanu. Oksidacijom spoja 6 s Oppenourovim ili Moffatovim oksidansom dobiveni su 3-okso derivati 7, odnosno 8. S druge strane, kondenzacija spoja 1 sa supstituiranim hidrazinima dala je odgovarajuće 3beta-hidroksiandrostenopirazoline 9a,b, koji su oksidirani Moffatovom metodom u 3-okso-androstenopirazoline 10a,b. Ovi produkti su dalje kondenzirani s etilen rifenil-fosforanom u DMSO u 3-etilen androstenopirazoline 11a,b. Wettesteinovom dehidrogenacijom 9a,b dobiveni su delta4,6-dien-3-on analozi 12a,b, koji su s kloranilom dali 4,6,8(14)-trien-3-on analoge 13a,b. Oppenourovom oksidacijom 9a,b dobiveni su Δ4-en-3-on analozi 14a,b, koji su s diklorodicianokinonom (DDQ) u dioksanu dali Δ1,4,6-trien-3-on analoge 15a,b. Farmakološka ispitivanja ukazuju da mnogi od sintetizirnih spojeva inhibiraju 5alfa-reduktazu

Investigation on Concrete Properties for Nano Silica Concrete by using Different Plasticizers

This paper presents results of the optimal dosage levels of polycarboxylate-based (PSP) (0.4 and 0.8%) and naphthalene-based (NSP) (0.8 and 1.6%) super plasticizers and different water to binder (w/b) ratios (0.4 and 0.45 ) that produce an adequate balance between strength and workability for concrete containing nano-SiO2 (NS) of 1%, 2%, and 3% as cement replacement. These results indicate that For two types super plasticizers mixes. Increasing the w/c ratio from 0.40 to 0.45 increased the slump of all mixes. Either those containing polycarboxylate or naphthalene sulphonate super plasticizer or the control mixes. For polycarboxylate super plasticizer mixes. Decreasing the w/c ratio from 0.45 to 0.40 increased the compressive strength of all mixes. Either those containing polycarboxylate super plasticizer. For naphthalene sulphonate super plasticizer mixes. Increasing the w/c ratio from 0.40 to 0.45 increased the compressive strength of all mixes. Either those containing 0.8 % naphthalene super plasticizer or the control mixes. While decreasing the w/c ratio from 0.45 to 0.40 increased the compressive strength of all mixes. Either those containing 1.6 % naphthalene sulphonate super plasticizer. the use of (1.6 %) sulphonated naphthalene super plasticizer (NSP) with 0.4 w/c ratio reached a gain in strength equivalent to the  use of  (0.8 %) polycarboxylic super plasticizer (PSP) for mix containing 3 % nano silica . the use of (1.6 %)  naphthalene super plasticizer (NSP) with 0.45 w/c ratio reached a gain in strength equivalent to the  use of  (0.8 %) polycarboxylic super plasticizer (PSP) for mix containing 2 % nano silica. Keywords: Nano silica, concrete, plasticizers, workability, strength

Effect of transdermal nitroglycerin patch on severe preeclamptic women with abnormal Doppler indices

Background: The aim is to evaluate the effect of maternal transdermal nitro-glycerine patch administration on blood flow resistance on maternal uterine artery, fetal umbilical and middle cerebral arteries in patients with severe pre-eclampsia in early gestational age (24 weeks to 33 weeks) associated with abnormal Doppler indices (placental insufficiency) and also its effect on maternal mean arterial blood pressure.Methods: This is a prospective interventional clinical trial conducted on (50) pregnant women with singleton pregnancy diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia admitted in high-risk pregnancy unit at the Department of Obstetrics  in Tanta University Hospitals, A 50-mg transdermal GTN patch (Novartis Pharma) was applied to the abdominal skin, releasing nitroglycerin at a rate of 0.4 mg/h. Doppler ultrasonography and measurement of maternal blood pressure were performed before application of transdermal GTN patch, after 4 hours of application, after 24 hours and after 48 hours.Results: the application of a 50-mg transdermal GTN patch to the maternal abdomen was associated with a significant decline in the PI of the uteroplacental and fetoplacental blood flow. No change was observed in the PI of the cerebral circulation. And also, there was a significant decrease in maternal blood pressure (MAP).Conclusions: Nitroderm patch (nitric oxide donors) may be used as initial therapy in cases of severe preeclampsia complicated by placental insufficiency in the form of abnormal Doppler indices

Microfabrication of net shape zirconia/alumina nanocomposite micro parts

Recently, there are growing demands in manufacturing of net shape micro parts for wide range of applications due to the increasing interest in miniaturization. In this paper, the fabrication of tetragonal phase zirconia/alumina (YSZ/Al2O3) nanocomposite micro-parts with high quality is presented. The fabrication process is based on soft lithography and colloidal powder dispersion. Experimental results showed that by optimizing the soft lithography and the dispersion process, it was possible to produce high-resolution micro-parts with well dispersed alumina. The X-ray diffraction results had confirmed the important role of the alumina particles in eliminating the emergence of monoclinic phase while the microstructures reveal a pure tetragonal phase. In addition, the sintered YSZ/Al2O3 micro parts achieved micro hardness with 20% superior to the pure YSZ sintered micro-parts with the addition of 5% alumina

Experimental and computational investigation of energy ball wind turbine aerodynamic performance

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the British University in Egypt and the Center for Renewable Energy. Author contributions E.E. prepared this manuscript. This study was carried out under the supervision of N.E., A.A.A.F., and T.A.E.-S. All authors carried out data analysis, discussed the results, and contributed to writing the paper.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effect of Coating of Earthed Enclosure and Multi-Contaminating Particles on Breakdown Voltage inside Gas Insulated Bus Duct

Metallic particle contamination is one of the areas of insulation design that are considered critical. This paper demonstrates the control of metallic particles in gas insulated bus duct (GIBD) by using dielectric coating on the inside surface of the outer enclosure of a coaxial electrode system. Several models of GIBD with single and multi-contaminating particles will be studied. In this paper, the Finite Elements Method (FEM) is used to evaluate the electric field distribution on and around single and multi-contaminating wire particles which in contact with dielectric coating of earthed enclosure inside GIBD. The effect of changing the length and the radius of middle particle for multi-contaminating particles on the electric field values are studied. Breakdown Voltage calculations for gas mixtures with single and multi-contaminating wire particles are studied. The effects of gas pressure on the breakdown voltage for various fractional concentrations of SF6-gas mixtures with and without particle contamination and also with and without coating of earthed enclosure are studied. The optimum gas mixture which gives higher dielectric strength with lower cost is also determined. The effect of coating thickness of earthed enclosure on the breakdown voltage for various fractional concentrations of SF6-gas mixtures is also studied. Finally, the effect of length and hemi-spherical radius of multi-contaminating particles on the breakdown voltage with various SF6-gas mixtures and varying gas pressure one time and another time with fixed pressure are studied.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v4i4.569