THE RELATION BETWEEN THE BASIS OF THE COMPLEMENTED SPACE F IN E AND THE BASIS OF E

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE BASIS OF THE COMPLEMENTED SPACE F IN E AND THE BASIS OF

Targeting Angiogenesis-Dependent Calcified Neoplasms Using Combined Polymer Therapeutics

There is an immense clinical need for novel therapeutics for the treatment of angiogenesis-dependent calcified neoplasms such as osteosarcomas and bone metastases. We developed a new therapeutic strategy to target bone metastases and calcified neoplasms using combined polymer-bound angiogenesis inhibitors. Using an advanced "living polymerization" technique, the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT), we conjugated the aminobisphosphonate alendronate (ALN), and the potent anti-angiogenic agent TNP-470 with N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer through a Glycine-Glycine-Proline-Norleucine linker, cleaved by cathepsin K, a cysteine protease overexpressed at resorption sites in bone tissues. In this approach, dual targeting is achieved. Passive accumulation is possible due to the increase in molecular weight following polymer conjugation of the drugs, thus extravasating from the tumor leaky vessels and not from normal healthy vessels. Active targeting to the calcified tissues is achieved by ALN's affinity to bone mineral.The anti-angiogenic and antitumor potency of HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 conjugate was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. We show that free and conjugated ALN-TNP-470 have synergistic anti-angiogenic and antitumor activity by inhibiting proliferation, migration and capillary-like tube formation of endothelial and human osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Evaluation of anti-angiogenic, antitumor activity and body distribution of HPMA copolymer-ALN-TNP-470 conjugate was performed on severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) male mice inoculated with mCherry-labeled MG-63-Ras human osteosarcoma and by modified Miles permeability assay. Our targeted bi-specific conjugate reduced VEGF-induced vascular hyperpermeability by 92% and remarkably inhibited osteosarcoma growth in mice by 96%.This is the first report to describe a new concept of a narrowly-dispersed combined polymer therapeutic designed to target both tumor and endothelial compartments of bone metastases and calcified neoplasms at a single administration. This new approach of co-delivery of two synergistic drugs may have clinical utility as a potential therapy for angiogenesis-dependent cancers such as osteosarcoma and bone metastases

AN EXTENSION OF COCYCLES TO BS

AN EXTENSION OF COCYCLES TO B

بين الفضائيين التوبولوجيين الكساندروف وسكوت

In this paper, a new type of posets is considered. More precise, the class of posets which are g ? ACC is strictly contains the class of posets satisfying ACC. This class is important, and w

Thyroxin, glucose, body growth rate and non-protein nitrogen constituents in albino rats treated with excess potassium iodate

The study was aimed to determine median lethal dose (LD50) of potassium iodate and to assess its toxicity in albino rats. The oral LD50 was found to be 752 mg kgí1 body weight. A dose of 1/5 LD50 potassium iodate was then given to animals (n= 36). Control animals (n= 36) received distilled water. Means were compared by independent-samples t-test. Growth rates of experimental animals were decreased, particularly at the first two weeks (27.5 and 24.2%, p= 0.009 and 0.000, respectively). Significant increase in serum thyroxin was observed at the second and third weeks (p= 0.007 and 0.046, respectively). Mean glucose levels were significantly decreased with maximum difference of 26.3% at the fifth week (106.1±4.9 v 78.2±4.2, p= 0.002). Urea was decreased (max difference= 23.6%, mean= 35.6±1.8 v 27.2±1.7, p= 0.007) whereas uric acid and creatinine were increased (max difference= 25.4%, mean= 1.77±0.08 v 2.22±0.12, p= 0.011 and 19.6%, 0.56±0.03 v 0.67±0.03, p= 0.022, respectively)

Sustainable energy, economic, and environmental impacts of small-scale wind turbines: A comprehensive study

Gaza has been suffering from a major crisis in the energy sector, and there is a need to adopt sustainable sources of renewable energy such as wind energy to meet the growing energy needs. This study focuses on wind energy harvesting potential as a renewable, clean source of energy in the Gaza Strip for a sustainable economy and environmental conservation. Three-blade horizontal turbines were tested with rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m. The effect of the wind speed and the rotor diameter on the tip speed ratio (TSR), the power factor (Cp), and the turbine produced power were investigated. The result showed that annual energy of 4851.87, 3618.85, and 2566.28 kWh achieved at rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m, respectively. The result also exposed that the total saving per year is equal to $824.8,$615.2, and $436.3 at rotor diameters of 4.4, 3.8, and 3.2 m, respectively. The payback periods of a turbine with 4.4 m rotor diameter were 8.3 years. Also, using a turbine with a rotor diameter of 4.4 m can reduce 4124 kg/yr of CO2 emissions. It is recommended to encourage the private sector to invest in wind energy in Gaza to ensure economic growth and environmental sustainability

المهددات التي تواجه البيئة البحرية والصيد السمكي في قطاع غزة: دراسة ميدانية ومرجعية

The importance of marine resources in the Gaza Strip stems from the fact that it represents a significant source of animal protein to the Palestinians and as a source of income to the fishery sector which covers more than 2500 fishermen. Due to the small fishing area available to the Palestinians, the fishermen usually exert intensive fishing efforts using all available means to achieve abundant catches with no respect to the impacts of their activities on the marine environment and fisheries resources. The current study aims at identifying the threats facing the marine environment and fisheries resources in the Gaza Strip and at suggesting possible recommendations dealing with their progress. The factors threatening the marine environment and fishing in the Gaza Strip included untreated wastewater disposal from various sources including Wadi Gaza, multi-source solid waste disposal and alteration of the landscape of the marine coast through rock removal, shanty constructions and coastal sand dunes depletion. The weakness of fishermen infrastructure, overfishing using inappropriate means including bottom trawling and small-meshed nets, fishing using chemical pesticides, catch of threatened marine turtles and lack of efficient fishing harbors are also major threats to marine life and environment. Besides, the Israeli military aggressions and restrictions by controlling fishing areas, sea closure, poaching and arresting of fishermen and intentional destruction of fishing gear are actual threats to marine fishing and fishermen saftey. Finally, the study suggests the necessity of stopping pollution sources, improving the infrastructure of fishing sector and fishermen and improving the cooperation level among different parties to ensure better management and sustainability of the coastal and marine environment. The role of official and non-official media and educational institutions in enhancing research, respect and awareness to all stakeholders and public towards marine environment should be encouraged, elevated and put into action.تكمن أهمية الثروة السمكية في قطاع غزة في كونها تمثل أحد مصادر البروتين الحيواني الذي يحتاج إليه الفلسطينيون لتلبية احتياجاتهم الغذائية و مصدر دخل مستمر لقطاع الصيادين الذين يفوق تعدادهم الـ 2500 صياد. ونظرا لضيق المساحة البحرية المتاحة للصيد السمكي في قطـاع غزة يلجأ الصيادون إلي تكثيف جهد الصيد بكافة السبل و الوسائل للحصول على إنتاج سمكي وفير دون الاكتراث بالنواحي البيئية لهذا النشــاط على الموارد السمكية و البيئة البحرية. تهدف هذه الدراسة المسحية إلى تحديد المهددات التي تواجه البيئة البحرية و الصيد السمكي في قطاع غزة و إلى وضع مقترحات ممكنة في سبيل النهوض بهما. أظهرت الدراسة العديد من العوامل التي تعترض البيئة البحرية والصيد السمكي في قطاع غزة متمثلة بإلقاء المياه العادمة غير المعالجة من مصادر متعددة تشمل مجرى وادي غزة و بؤر التفريغ المنتشرة على طول الساحل، طرح النفايات الصلبة متعددة المصادر، تغيير تركيبة و ملامح الساحل الفلسطيني باقتلاع الصخور و بناء المنشآت العشوائية و استنزاف رمال البحر و الكثبان الرملية الساحلية مما يثبط من الوظيفة البيئية لها، ضعف البنية التحتية للصيادين، الصيد الجائر باستخدام معدات و وسائل صيد غير ملائمة مثل شباك الجر القاعي و الشباك ذات العيون الصغيرة، استعمال السموم الكيماوية في صيد الأسماك، صيد السلاحف البحرية المهددة بالاختفاء عالميا، افتقار قطاع غزة لموانئ صيد عالية الكفاءة مما يحدو بالصيادين لاستخدام رمال الشاطئ لإنزال مراكبهم في البحر و إخراجها منه مما يؤثر على العمر الإنتاجي لها. تضاف إلى ذلك كله القيود و الانتهاكات العسكرية الإسرائيلية المتمثلة بالتحكم بمناطق الصيد السمكي و إغلاق البحر أمام الصيادين و المطاردات الزورقية و الاعتقالات للصيادين و تدمير معدات الصيد و إتلافها. و في الختام، اقترحت الدراسة ضرورة وقف مصادر التلوث البحري و التعديات، و ضرورة تحسين البنية التحتية لقطاع الصيد و الصيادين، و تحسين مستوى التعاون بين المؤسسات المختلفة بما يكفل إدارة و تنمية البيئة البحرية و الساحلية بشكل مستدام، كما و تؤكد الدراسة على ضرورة تناول وسائل الإعلام الرسمي و غير الرسمي لقضايا البيئة البحرية الفلسطينية و على دور المؤسسات التعليمية في زيادة النشاط العلمي و التثقيفي و التوعوي لكافة شرائح المجتمع الفلسطيني و ضرورة افتتاح أقسام و مراكز بحوث للعلوم البحرية