Gender, perceptual factors, and entrepreneurial intention: Evidence from Egypt

In Egypt, women\u27s total early-stage entrepreneurial activity is 3.7% out of female adult population coupled with one of the world\u27s lowest women\u27s economic participation rate. As the government is no longer the haven for women\u27s jobs and the private sector is not filling the void, promoting entrepreneurship amongst women can prove effective in creating employment opportunities as well as empowering women with financial and social autonomy to allow them to become equal decision maker within the family and or household. In this research, the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial intention among non-entrepreneurs was investigated. The research shed light on the possible reasons of why women are less likely to start their own business compared to men. There is a body of literature that argues that the perceptual factors, namely self-efficacy, fear of failure, ability to recognize opportunities, and knowing an entrepreneur, might be the answer. Therefore, this thesis established a mediation analysis using a nationally representative sample data of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor in Egypt from 2008 to 2015 to investigate if perceptual factors mediate the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial intention. This study validated the hypotheses among the non-entrepreneurs showing that the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and gender is mediated by the perceptual factors investigated in this thesis

Impact of a World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist Implementation During Urgent Operations on Compliance with Basic Standards of Care and Occurrence of Complications

Surgery has become an integral part of global health care, with an estimated 234 million operations performed yearly. Surgical complications are common and often preventable. Use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist has been shown to be associated with significant reductions in complications and deaths. A 19-item surgical safety checklist was implemented  to  reduce complications and deaths associated with surgery as well as increase the compliance with basic standards of care .The aim of this study is to assess the effect of implementation of a 19-item World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist in urgent operations on compliance with basic standards of care as indicated by adherence to 6 selected safety measures and rates of complications at National Bank Hospital for the integrated care affiliated to the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population. To fulfill this aim a prospective pre- and post intervention study design was used.  A total of 60 adult male & female patients undergoing urgent operations are recruited to this study divided into two equal and matched groups (study& control). Three tools were utilized for data collections; 1) Socio-demographic and operative data sheet, 2) Complications monitoring sheet and 3) Performance of the 6 specified safety measures check list. More information can be found in the full paper

CFD STUDY OF USING DIFFERENT HEAT SINKS FOR ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENTS COOLING

Cooling of Electronic equipment’s is an attractiveresearch area in engineering applications. Continuedminimization of electronic system has resulted in dramaticincrease in the amount of heat generated per unit volume, Theaim of this study is to use computational Fluid Dynamics inorder to draw a CFD model for forced cooling conjugate heattransfer analyses in heat generating electronic systems andcompare between a collection of actual commercial heat sinksdifferent from in geometry ,material , and number of fins .Acomplete computer chassis model with heat sinks and fansinside was created and parametric analyses were performed tocompare the effects of different turbulence models, meshresolutions, and radiative heat transfer. The CFD software wasused, ANSYS Icepack 18.0 for preprocessing and fluent forsolution and post processing. The road map was applied to fivedifferent heat sinks and another three heat sink as a validationmodeled into the full chassis. Numerical results were comparedwith the available experimental data and they were in goodagreement

Assessment of Antiviral Activity for Ethanolic Chlorella vulgaris Extract Against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) Infection in Sasso Chicken

Newcastle disease (ND) is an extremely viral disease that has tremendous impacts on poultry production worldwide. Increasing and repeating ND outbreaks and suspecting of fifth pandemic occurrence demonstrated the need for novel medicines to control the disease. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) microalgae have recently emerged as natural alternatives with antiviral activity, in current study, ethanolic Chlorella vulgaris) ECV) extract was prepared and evaluated as an effective antioxidant and antiviral agent against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in vitro and in vivo stages. The effect of ECV extract with three concentrations (50µL, 100µL, and 200µL) was estimated on embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). The data revealed that 100 µL of ECV extract is a nontoxic dose, as evidenced by the absence of embryo deaths, and has effective antiviral activity by using a mixture of 0.2 mL of NDV with 108.5 EID50/ml with 0.2 mL of ECV extract, which led to decrease of viral titer to 103.4EID50/ml with complete inhibition of NDV replication and loss of haemagglutination (HA) activity. Later on, in vivo study was applied in 28 days old Sasso chickens to evaluate the activity of ECV extract at 1 g/kg concentration according to invitro assessment as it is nontoxic effective antiviral dose in the drinking water before and after the NDV challenge. The used assessment parameters in this study were clinical signs, post-mortem (PM) lesions and histopathological pictures and it showed the effective role of ECV extract in viral replication inhibition in the treated groups when compared to control ones. Also, Real-time PCR was conducted to estimate NDV titer after challenge, in the group (III) and group (IV) showed a decrease in viral shedding at 3rd and 5th day post challenge (dpc) and a complete absence of viral titer at 7th dpc in the prophylactic group (III) in comparison with the positive control (II). These findings illustrated the potential role of ECV extract in overcoming NDV infection under field conditions and advised using it as an antiviral agent

Impact of a service provider incentive payment scheme on quality of reproductive and child-health services in Egypt

A case-control, quasi-experimental study was designed (post-test only) to investigate the effect of a per-formance-based incentive payment scheme on behaviours of public-sector service providers in delivering a basic package of maternal and child-health services in Egyptian primary healthcare units. The results showed significant improvements in the quality of family-planning, antenatal care, and child-care services as reported by women seen in clinics where the incentive payment scheme was in operation as measured by various indicators, including both technical and inter-personal communication content. An analysis of characteristics of the service providers and clients found no significant or meaningful differences between the study groups, and the facilities of both the study groups were essentially the same. Some findings are suggestive of other influences on behaviours of the service providers not captured by the data-collection instruments of the study. Subsequent to this study, the payment scheme has been rolled out to other dis-tricts in Egypt

Porosity of temporary denture soft liners containing antifungal agents

ABSTRACT Incorporation of antifungals in temporary denture soft liners has been recommended for denture stomatitis treatment; however, it may affect their properties. Objective: To evaluate the porosity of a tissue conditioner (Softone) and a temporary resilient liner (Trusoft) modified by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungal agents for Candida albicans biofilm. Material and Methods: The porosity was measured by water absorption, based on exclusion of the plasticizer effect. Initially, it was determined by sorption isotherms that the adequate storage solution for specimens (65×10×3.3 mm) of both materials was 50% anhydrous calcium chloride (S50). Then, the porosity factor (PF) was calculated for the study groups (n=10) formed by specimens without (control) or with drug incorporation at MICs (nystatin: Ny-0.032 g, chlorhexidine diacetate: Chx-0.064 g, or ketoconazole: Ke-0.128 g each per gram of soft liner powder) after storage in distilled water or S50 for 24 h, seven and 14 d. Data were statistically analyzed by 4-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (&#945;=.05). Results: Ke resulted in no significant changes in PF for both liners in water over 14 days (p>0.05). Compared with the controls, Softone and Trusoft PFs were increased at 14-day water immersion only after addition of Ny and Chx, and Chx, respectively (p<0.05). Both materials showed no significant changes in PF in up to 14 days of S50 immersion, compared with the controls (p>0.05). In all experimental conditions, Softone and Trusoft PFs were significantly lower when immersed in S50 compared with distilled water (p<0.05). Conclusions: The addition of antifungals at MICs resulted in no harmful effects for the porosity of both temporary soft liners in different periods of water immersion, except for Chx and Ny in Softone and Chx in Trusoft at 14 days. No deleterious effect was observed for the porosity of both soft liners modified by the drugs at MICs over 14 days of S50 immersion

The Application of Rubber Impression Material to Crown and Bridge Prosthesis

Master of ScienceProsthodonticshttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/147982/1/ot_157.pd

Capturing security requirements for software systems

Security is often an afterthought during software development. Realizing security early, especially in the requirement phase, is important so that security problems can be tackled early enough before going further in the process and avoid rework. A more effective approach for security requirement engineering is needed to provide a more systematic way for eliciting adequate security requirements. This paper proposes a methodology for security requirement elicitation based on problem frames. The methodology aims at early integration of security with software development. The main goal of the methodology is to assist developers elicit adequate security requirements in a more systematic way during the requirement engineering process. A security catalog, based on the problem frames, is constructed in order to help identifying security requirements with the aid of previous security knowledge. Abuse frames are used to model threats while security problem frames are used to model security requirements. We have made use of evaluation criteria to evaluate the resulting security requirements concentrating on conflicts identification among requirements. We have shown that more complete security requirements can be elicited by such methodology in addition to the assistance offered to developers to elicit security requirements in a more systematic way