Entrepreneurial Education of Russian Universities' Students as a Way to Form Agency

The number and variety of entrepreneurship training programs in universities is growing around the world. At the same time, there is no consensus in the research field on what the future entrepreneur should be taught and how to measure the effectiveness of such training.  One of the points of view suggests that the result of teaching entrepreneurship at a university should be the formation students' "agency" - the ability to purposefully change the environment through their own entrepreneurial project.  However, at this stage, there is no agreement in the scientific and educational community on what indicators can be included in the corresponding construct, so that a reasonable conclusion can be drawn whether agency is formed in the process of entrepreneurial learning.  This article attempts to answer this question by conducting interviews with graduates of the leading entrepreneurship education programs that have been implemented both in Russian universities (formal sector, 64 interviews)) and in the informal sector of student education (24 interviews).  In this study, students' internal attitudes related to understanding the essence of entrepreneurial activity were studied, and these attitudes were compared with the theoretical construct of agency in its interpretation, presented in a series of earlier works by HSE staff (Sorokin P.S. et al.).  In the empirical part of the study, it was confirmed that the internal attitudes of students who have completed entrepreneurial training and successfully implemented their entrepreneurial project do indeed correspond to the theoretical framework of agency.  The main contribution of this article is the development of agency indicators in relation to entrepreneurial learning and the justification of their applicability for assessing the results of educational programs

Peculiaridades do crescimento do ouro-prazer para oleaginosas e seu uso na produção de ração na zona não-chernozem da Rússia

At present, gold-of-pleasure attracts wide attention due to its unpretentiousness and early maturity, high and stable yield. In Russia, edible oils are mainly obtained from sunflower seeds, soybeans, rapeseed and seeds of other oil plants (flax, mustard, castor oil plant and bird rape) and are processed in relatively small amounts. Gold-of-pleasure (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) in the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia is not a traditional crop. The expansion of areas for this crop sowing is constrained by the lack of developed recommendations on the technology of its cultivation. This is the basis of the research. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the features of forming gold-of-pleasure productivity and optimizing the main elements of varietal technology (seeding rate and seeding time) in the conditions of the region. The research was carried out at Ryazan State Agrotechnological University, on the experimental fields of the agrotechnological experimental station of Ryazan oblast, on gray forest soils. The object of the research is gold-of-pleasure, variety Yubilyar. It has been revealed that in order to obtain a stable yield of gold-of-pleasure, it is necessary to have at least 420-440 plants per 1 m² to harvest, and 400-450 plants per 1 m² are considered the optimal density. Increasing the seeding rate, above 8 million pcs. of the seeds / ha, led to the formation of a strongly crowded crop, which ultimately contributed to a decrease of the yield and seeds quality. The most optimal seeding rate for gold-of-pleasure is 7.0 million germinated seeds per hectare. The overestimation of the norm to 8.0 million pieces / ha did not significantly increase the yield, but led to an excessive consumption of seeds, deteriorated seed quality, the risk of lodging and diseases. The best seeding time in experiments is the first decade of May.En la actualidad, el oro del placer atrae una amplia atención debido a su falta de pretensiones y madurez temprana, rendimiento alto y estable. En Rusia, los aceites comestibles se obtienen principalmente de semillas de girasol, soja, colza y semillas de otras plantas oleaginosas (linaza, mostaza, aceite de ricino y coles) y se procesan en cantidades relativamente pequeñas. El oro del placer (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) en la zona de Non-Chernozem de Rusia no es un cultivo tradicional. La expansión de las áreas para esta siembra de cultivos está limitada por la falta de recomendaciones desarrolladas sobre la tecnología de su cultivo. Esta es la base de la investigación. El propósito de este experimento fue identificar las características de la formación de la productividad del oro del placer y la optimización de los elementos principales de la tecnología varietal (tasa de siembra y tiempo de siembra) en las condiciones de la región. La investigación se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Agrotecnológica Estatal de Ryazan, en los campos experimentales de la estación experimental agrotecnológica de Ryazan oblast, en suelos de bosques grises. El objeto de la investigación es el oro del placer, variedad Yubilyar. Se ha revelado que, para obtener un rendimiento estable de oro de placer, es necesario contar con al menos 420-440 plantas por cosecha de 1 m², y 400-450 plantas por 1 m² se consideran la densidad óptima. Incrementando la tasa de siembra, por encima de 8 millones de pcs. de las semillas / ha, llevó a la formación de un cultivo muy poblado, que en última instancia contribuyó a una disminución del rendimiento y la calidad de las semillas. La tasa de siembra más óptima para el oro del placer es de 7.0 millones de semillas germinadas por hectárea. La sobrestimación de la norma a 8,0 millones de piezas / ha no aumentó significativamente el rendimiento, pero condujo a un consumo excesivo de semillas, deterioro de la calidad de las semillas, el riesgo de alojamiento y enfermedades. El mejor tiempo de siembra en experimentos es la primera década de mayo.No presente, o ouro-do-prazer atrai grande atenção devido à sua despretensão e maturidade precoce, rendimento alto e estável. Na Rússia, os óleos comestíveis são obtidos principalmente a partir de sementes de girassol, soja, colza e sementes de outras plantas oleaginosas (linho, mostarda, mamona e colza) e são processados em quantidades relativamente pequenas. Ouro-do-prazer (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) na zona não-Chernozem da Rússia não é uma cultura tradicional. A expansão de áreas para esta semeadura de culturas é limitada pela falta de recomendações desenvolvidas sobre a tecnologia de cultivo. Esta é a base da pesquisa. O objetivo deste experimento foi identificar as características da formação da produtividade de ouro de prazer e otimizar os principais elementos da tecnologia varietal (taxa de semeadura e tempo de semeadura) nas condições da região. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Agrotecnológica do Estado de Ryazan, nos campos experimentais da estação experimental agrotecnológica de Ryazan oblast, em solos de floresta cinza. O objeto da pesquisa é o ouro-do-prazer, variedade Yubilyar. Foi revelado que, para se obter um rendimento estável de ouro-de-prazer, é necessário ter pelo menos 420-440 plantas por 1 m² para a colheita, e 400-450 plantas por 1 m² são consideradas a densidade ideal. Aumentando a taxa de semeadura, acima de 8 milhões de unidades. das sementes / ha, levou à formação de uma cultura fortemente lotada, o que acabou por contribuir para a diminuição do rendimento e qualidade das sementes. A taxa de semeadura mais ideal para o ouro-do-prazer é de 7,0 milhões de sementes germinadas por hectare. A superestimação da norma para 8,0 milhões de peças / ha não aumentou significativamente o rendimento, mas levou a um consumo excessivo de sementes, deterioração da qualidade das sementes, risco de alojamento e doenças. O melhor tempo de semeadura em experimentos é a primeira década de maio

A Novel Small Molecule Supports the Survival of Cultured Dopamine Neurons and May Restore the Dopaminergic Innervation of the Brain in the MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease

We previously showed that monoterpenoid (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol 1 alleviates motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease in animal models. In the present study, we designed and synthesized monoepoxides of (1R,2R,6S)-3-methyl-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-ene-1,2-diol 1 and evaluated their biological activity in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. We also assessed the ability of these compounds to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). According to these data, we chose epoxide 4, which potently restored the locomotor activity in MPTP-treated mice and efficiently penetrated the BBB, to further explore its potential mechanism of action. Epoxide 4 was found to robustly promote the survival of cultured dopamine neurons, protect dopamine neurons against toxin-induced degeneration, and trigger the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade in cells of neuronal origin. Meanwhile, neither the survival-promoting effect nor MAPK activation was observed in non-neuronal cells treated with epoxide 4. In the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease, compound 4 increased the density of dopamine neuron fibers in the striatum, which can highlight its potential to stimulate striatal reinnervation and thus halt disease progression. Taken together, these data indicate that epoxide 4 can be a promising compound for further development, not only as a symptomatic but also as a neuroprotective and neurorestorative drug for Parkinson's disease.Peer reviewe

tRNA Anticodon Cleavage by Target-Activated CRISPR-Cas13a Effector

Type VI CRISPR-Cas systems are among the few CRISPR varieties that target exclusively RNA. The CRISPR RNA–guided, sequence-specific binding of target RNAs, such as phage transcripts, activates the type VI effector, Cas13. Once activated, Cas13 causes collateral RNA cleavage, which induces bacterial cell dormancy, thus protecting the host population from the phage spread. We show here that the principal form of collateral RNA degradation elicited by Leptotrichia shahii Cas13a expressed in Escherichia coli cells is the cleavage of anticodons in a subset of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) with uridine-rich anticodons. This tRNA cleavage is accompanied by inhibition of protein synthesis, thus providing defense from the phages. In addition, Cas13a-mediated tRNA cleavage indirectly activates the RNases of bacterial toxin-antitoxin modules cleaving messenger RNA, which could provide a backup defense. The mechanism of Cas13a-induced antiphage defense resembles that of bacterial anticodon nucleases, which is compatible with the hypothesis that type VI effectors evolved from an abortive infection module encompassing an anticodon nuclease

The initial level of heart rate variability determines the dynamics of the neuropathy of the autonomic nervous system and temperature sensitivity in rats with streptozotocin diabetes

BACKGROUND: The development of diabetes mellitus (DM) is accompanied by hyperglycemia, which leads to the development of neuropathy. We assume that the individual characteristics of the organization of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in humans affect not only the ability to withstand stress, but can determine the course of diseases, including diabetes. AIMS: The study of the dynamics of heart rate variability and temperature sensitivity in rats against the background of hyperglycemia depending on the organization of the initial regulation of the heart under ANS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 70 male rats were randomized by weight and level of total heart rate variability (HRV) on animals with initially low and high levels of total HRV. Diabetes was modeled by a single i.p. injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The control group received a single i.p. injection of citrate buffer (CB). Before the induction of diabetes, as well as on 21, 42 and 70 days after the injection of STZ, a comprehensive examination of rats’ condition was carried out: 1) assessment of HRV; 2) analysis of temperature-pain sensitivity; 3) assessment of glucose and ketone bodies in the blood. Similarly, animals in the CB group were examined. RESULTS: The change in HRV and temperature-pain sensitivity in rats depends on the initial level of HRV. In rats with low variability, the reaction time in the pain test increased by 8–32% from the 28th day of the experiment, from 21 days the bradycardia increased and the decrease in individual HRV indices at rest, but not the response of these parameters to cold stress. CONCLUSION: The development of ANS’s lesion depends on the initial level of HRV. Low variability animals are more resistant to hyperglycemia: the normal ranges of CP reactions from the side of HR, the parameters of total HRV and the CVHS contribution to it are longer, but there is a loss of temperature sensitivity. Initially, highly variable rats with the development of diabetes do not lose temperature sensitivity, but demonstrate an imbalance in the regulatory circuits of heart rate and HRV

Dynamics of heart rate variability in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a negative impact on all organs. This is due to insufficiency of blood supply and the disruption of the trophic function of the nervous system. One of the most serious complication of DM is diabetic foot caused be vascular and neurological reasons. Correction of vascular disorders is effectively treated by modern therapeutic approaches, but the damage of nervous system has been studied insufficiently. Aims: To investigate the dynamics of damage to the vegetative nervous system on the laboratory model of DM. Materials and methods: DM in rats was induced by injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 65 mg/kg in citrate buffer (DM group). The control group of rats received a citrate buffer equivalent (CB group). Rats with DM were given a maintenance therapy with insulin in a dose of 2 units/kg/day. On 42 days of experience, a round wound with a diameter of 2 cm on the back of the animals was observed. Before the DM simulation, then on the 42, 50, 58 and 66 days of its development, an electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded in the rats at a frequency of 2 kHz digitising in a state of calm wakefulness and after cold exposure. For 5 minutes ECG fragments, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in the temporal domain were calculated, characterising: 1) the total heart rate variability (tHRV) according to SDRR, SDHR, KVRR and KVHR; 2) the effect of the parasympathetic department of the autonomic nervous system (aANS) for RMSSD and pNN3; 3) the contribution of the sympathetic department of the ANS (sANS) by SDAvgRR, SDAvgHR. The spectral parameters were estimated in the frequency domain: the total power of the spectrum is TR (range: 0–2.5 Hz), the powers in the low and high frequency ranges are LF (range: 0.2–0.8 Hz) and HF (range: 0.8–2.5 Hz) LF/HF. Weekly, the tail withdrawal time was measured in a temperature pain test (55°C). Results: During the development of diabetes, the level of glucose in the blood increased 4–7 times compared with the normal level. The reaction time of the pain test in rats with DM increased by 20%–30% at the end of the experiment. At 42 days, the development of bradycardia (267 beats/min) was observed in rats with DM. The indicators of tHRV decreased by a factor of 2 due to a decrease in the contribution of sANS. The reaction to CP in the SD group differs from the norm by the severity of the individual components of the HRV structure, which indicates functional denervation of the heart and the development of diabetic neuropathy. Conclusions: As the diabetes progressed, signs of neuropathy were observed. The overall HRV parameters decreased, the ratio of the contributions of sANS and pANS to the regulation of heart rate changed, and the temperature sensitivity decreased

Electrical activity in rat retina in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes model

Objectives: Diabetic retinopathy remains the major cause of blindness among the working-age population of developed countries. Considering this, experimental models of diabetes involving laboratory animals are important for assessing clinically significant methods to determine early pathologic alterations of the retina. The early detection of diabetic retinopathy in combination with a search for new pathogenetic targets will enable focusing on new strategies to limit the development of critical changes in the retina and to prolong retinal functioning during the development of diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study aimed to define parameters of electroretinography test that identifies changes due to retinal impairment in diabetes. Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneally injecting streptozocin (65 mg/kg; group DM). The control group (CB) received intraperitoneal injections of the vehicle, i.e. citric buffer. On each consecutive day of the experiment, all rats received insulin detemir (2 u/kg). Ophthalmoscopy and electroretinography were conducted before initiating the experiment and after 50, 58 and 66 days of injectin sptreptozocin. Results: Amid 2u\kg insulin injection the glucose level in venous blood in DM group amounted to 30-40 mM. The ophthalmoscopy showed that the optic nerve disk paled by the 50th day, with its line erasing. During electroretinography, wave amplitude in oscillatory potential test tended to decrease. -wave latency of photopic system increased with -wave latency of photopic system and - and -waves latency of scotopic system not altering. In addition, the amplitude of rhythmic stimulation of 8 and 12 Hz decreased. Conclusion: The most apparent parameters of electroretinography for modelling streptozocin-induced diabetes are wave amplitude during the oscillatory potential test, photopic B-wave latency and the amplitude of rhythmic stimulation. These results suggest that in diabetes, ischaemic injury is an important cause of early dysfunction of inner retinal layers

Keratinocytes differentiation and wound healing in rats with streptozotocin – induced diabetes and severe hyperglycemia

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus leads to disruption of the skin repair processes, but the leading mechanisms of this pathology have not yet been identified. In this regard, in our work, we decided to check how hyperglycaemia affects the process of keratinocyte phenotype changes during wound healing. AIMS: To study the effect of hyperglycaemia on wound healing and differentiation of keratinocytes in a rat streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by using streptozotocin, 65 mg / kg, intraperitoneally, once. The wound was applied in the supra-scapular region on the 42nd day, after which (after 8, 16, and 24 days) the repair process was evaluated using histological methods. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of cytokeratin-10 and cytokeratin-17. RESULTS: In rats with diabetes mellitus, wound healing slowed down in the later stages, compared with the control group. In general, wound healing was accompanied by an increase in the expression of cytokeratin-10 in its region compared with intact skin, and contractile keratinocytes activation was disrupted in diabetic rat wounds. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperglycaemia slightly slows wound healing in rats and impairs contractile keratinocytes activation