АССОЦИАЦИИ УРОВНЯ В КРОВИ ХОЛЕСТЕРИНА ЛИПОПРОТЕИНОВ НИЗКОЙ ПЛОТНОСТИ И БИОМОЛЕКУЛ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКИХ НАРУШЕНИЙ У ЛЮДЕЙ 25–44 ЛЕТ

Highlights The study is devoted to the analysis of metabolic hormones and their relationship with the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, in particular, elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The study included people under the age of 45 with active hormones. AbstractAim. To assess the relationship between the levels of LDL and metabolic hormones reflecting metabolic disorders in young people.Methods. The study included 305 people. The group 1 included 146 people with an LDL level of <2.1 mmol/L, the group 2 included 159 people with an LDL level of ≥4.2 mmol/L. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides, HDL and glucose concentrations were determined by enzymatic method using Thermo Fisher Scientific kits (Finland) on a 30i KonelabPrime clinical chemistry analyzer. The calculation of concentrations of LDL was carried out according to the Friedwald formula. The levels of amylin, C-peptide, ghrelin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, interleukin 6, insulin, leptin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide YY, tumor necrosis factor alpha were determined by multiplex analysis using the Human Metabolic Hormone V3 (MILLIPLEX) panel on a Luminex MAGPIX flow fluorimeter.Results. In the group of patients with LDL ≥4.2 mmol/L, fasting glucose disorders were much more prevalent, the average BMI (p = 0,0001) was higher, and arterial hypertension was twice as frequent (24.8% vs. 11.6%, p = 0.003) compared with the group 1. The levels of triglycerides, TC, and glucose were higher, whereas HDL level was lower in the group 2(p = 0,0001). In patients with LDL ≥4.2 mmol/L, the values of HOMA-IR and the occurrence of IR (83.8%) according to the HOMA-IR were higher compared with the group with LDL <2.1 mmol/L (p = 0,0001). Statistically significant differences in the levels of the studied indicators between the groups 1 and 2 were obtained for C-peptide, GLP-1, insulin and leptin. The relative chance of having LDL≥4.2 mmol/L is associated with an increase in the level of C-peptide (OR = 2.042, 95% CI 1.209–3.449, p = 0.008) and a decrease in the level of GLP-1 (OR = 0.997, 95% CI 0.996–0.999, p = 0.001).Conclusion. An increase in LDL levels in young people is associated with disorders of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. These data are confirmed by changes in the serum metabolic markers that characterize metabolic disorders in the human body.Основные положенияИсследование посвящено изучению метаболических гормонов и их связи с основными факторами риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, в частности с повышенным уровнем холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности. В исследование включены люди в возрасте до 45 лет с активным гормональным статусом. АннотацияЦель. Оценить связь между уровнем холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХС-ЛНП) и метаболическими гормонами, отражающих нарушения обменных процессов у молодых людей.Материалы и методы. В исследование включено 305 человек. В первую группу вошло 146 человек с уровнем ХС-ЛНП <2,1 ммоль/л, во вторую группу – 159 человек с уровнем ХС-ЛНП ≥4,2 ммоль/л. Содержание общего холестерина, триглицеридов, холестерина липопротеинов высокой плотности и глюкозы в сыворотке крови определяли энзиматическим методом с использованием наборов Thermo Fisher Scientific (Финляндия) на биохимическом анализаторе Konelab Prime 30i. Вычисление значений концентрации ХС-ЛНП проводили по формуле Фридвальда. Методом мультиплексного анализа с применением панели Human Metabolic Hormone V3 (MILLIPLEX; EMD Millipore Corp., Германия) на проточном флуориметре Luminex MAGPIX (Luminex Corp., США) определяли уровни амилина, С-пептида, грелина, глюкозозависимого инсулинотропного полипептида, глюкагоноподобного пептида 1, глюкагона, интерлейкина 6, инсулина, лептина, моноцитарного хемотаксического фактора 1, панкреатического полипептида, пептида YY, фактора некроза опухолей альфа.Результаты. В группе лиц с уровнем ХС-ЛНП ≥4,2 ммоль/л зарегистрирована более высокая распространенность нарушений уровня глюкозы натощак, в два раза чаще по сравнению с первой группой чаще встречалась артериальная гипертензия (24,8 против 11,6%, p = 0,003) и определены более высокие средние значения индекса массы тела (p = 0,0001). Уровни триглицеридов, общего холестерина, глюкозы плазмы были выше, а показатель ХС-ЛВП ниже у лиц второй группы (p˂0,0001). У пациентов с уровнем ХС-ЛНП ≥4,2 ммоль/л как само значение индекса НОМА-IR, так и встречаемость инсулинорезистентности (83, 8%) в соответствии с индексом НОМА-IR были выше в сравнении с группой лиц с ХС-ЛНП <2,1 ммоль/л (p˂0,0001). Статистически значимые отличия в уровнях изучаемых показателей между группами получены для С-пептида, глюкагоноподобного пептида 1, инсулина и лептина. Относительный шанс наличия ХС-ЛНП ≥4,2 ммоль/л ассоциирован с повышением уровня С-пептида (отношение шансов 2,042, 95% доверительный интервал 1,209–3,449, p = 0,008) и уменьшением уровня глюкагоноподобного пептида 1 (отношение шансов 0,997, 95% доверительный интервал 0,996–0,999, p = 0,001).Заключение. Повышение уровня ХС-ЛНП у молодых людей ассоциировано с нарушениями не только липидного, но и углеводного обмена. Эти данные подтверждает изменение в крови метаболических маркеров, характеризующих нарушение обменных процессов в организме человека

The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders

This review presents existing evidence of the influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data are discussed regarding the roles of the most relevant fatty acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3, ω-3), γ-linolenic (C18:3, ω-6), arachidonic (C20:4), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6), and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acid. The accumulated knowledge has expanded the understanding of the involvement of fatty acids in metabolic processes, thereby enabling the transition from basic exploratory studies to practical issues of application of these biomolecules to CVD treatment. In the future, these findings are expected to facilitate the interpretation and prognosis of changes in metabolic lipid aberrations in CVD

Associations of Antioxidant Enzymes with the Concentration of Fatty Acids in the Blood of Men with Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Objective: To identify associations of fatty acids (FAs) with the antioxidant enzymes in the blood of men with coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease (IHD). Methods: The study included 80 patients: control group—20 men without IHD, the core group—60 men with IHD. The core group was divided into subgroups: subgroup A—with the presence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, subgroup B—with the absence of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We analyzed the levels of FAs, free radicals, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the blood. Results. Patients with IHD, compared with the control group: (1) had higher levels of SOD, CAT, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and octadecenoic FAs; (2) had lower levels of GPx, α-linolenic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and arachidonic FAs. In subgroup A there were found: (1) negative associations of SOD—with linoleic, eicosatrienoic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FAs, positive associations—with palmitic acid; (2) positive correlations of CAT level with palmitoleic and stearic acids; (3) negative associations between of GPx and palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and octadecenoic FAs. Conclusions: Changes in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, and a disbalance of the FAs profile, probably indicate active oxidative processes in the body and may indicate the presence of atherosclerotic changes in the vessels

The Influence of Calcification Factors and Endothelial-Dysfunction Factors on the Development of Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaques

Background: This study aimed to evaluate changes in markers of calcification and of endothelial dysfunction during the development of calcification and instability of atherosclerotic plaques and to identify associations of calcification factors with the formation of unstable plaques. Methods: We analyzed 44 male patients with coronary atherosclerosis who underwent endarterectomy in coronary arteries during coronary bypass surgery. The endarterectomy material (intima/media) was examined using histological and biochemical methods, and the stability and calcification degree of atherosclerotic plaques were assessed. In homogenates of the tissue samples and in blood, concentrations of osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, monocyte-chemoattractant protein type 1 (MCP-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin were determined by enzyme immunoassays. Results: Unstable atherosclerotic plaques proved to be calcified more frequently (80.4% of plaques) than stable ones (45.0%). Osteonectin, E-selectin, and sVCAM-1 levels were lower in unstable plaques and plaques with large calcification deposits. Osteocalcin content increased with the increasing size of the calcification deposits in plaque. Blood osteocalcin concentration directly correlated with osteocalcin concentration in atherosclerotic plaques and was higher in the blood of patients with calcified plaques in coronary arteries. Conclusions: The results provide the basis for further research on the suitability of osteocalcin as a potential biomarker of an unstable calcified atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery