Williams Syndrome - Review of Clinical Features and It’s Medical Considerations in Dental Treatment

Williams syndrome is a congenital disorder that involves multiple system. The condition is characterized by a number of developmental and physical abnormalities. The cause of this disorder is a micro deletion from the long arm of chromosome 7 at 7q11.23. The deleted portion of the chromosome 7q11.23 includes the ELN gene that codes for the structural protein elastin and therefore in the affected individuals arteries may become narrowed. Hypocalcaemia is also found in the affected individuals. Typical facial, oral, and dental features are characteristic of this syndrome. Presence of congenital heart defects and the risk of developing cardiac arrest make dental treatment challenging for such patients. This article narrates the etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features including oral features of patients with Williams syndrome. A note on role of dental evaluation in diagnosis of Williams syndrome and medical consideration in the dental treatment of patients with Williams syndrome has also been presented.published_or_final_versio

Creating a Code of Ethics for Open-Source Intelligence Applications

This paper investigates the ethics surrounding the development and use of applications for mapping and quantifying information, which relies on public or open-source data as a source of information. The proliferation of information-based dashboards and maps has increased as the open availability of information has improved, through open data initiatives, social media web crawling, and the development of open-source intelligence gathering as a profession. A common product where this burgeoning profession manifests itself is the creation of web-based dashboards. Popular examples of this include dashboards for tracking the spread of the coronavirus, maps for visualising world news such as conflict or natural disasters, or collaborative projects such as OpenStreetMap, which relies on community input, as well as open data initiatives to build a comprehensive map of the world. As a number of these projects cover information that is of high importance, such as actions taken by belligerents in a combat zone, or the localised identification of important historical sites, this brings into question several moral and ethical issues which must be identified. Several examples of these issues, and the ethical ramifications surrounding them are discussed in this paper in the form of a literature review. Following this, a new code of ethics is introduced based on the findings presented by the literature review. To evaluate its suitability, this new code is applied to an existing open-source information solution and compare how well it follows my principles in its development and operation

Nanone interactions in antibody of living systems

One of the facts about how nanoparticle assemble and act is revealed using carbon value in biomolecule of living system here. This is how the biomolecules interact to bring about a micro or even macro level interaction in system of interest. This study shows micro level understanding can be better utilized from carbon analysis at nano level. I plan to extend this phenomena of change from nano to micro for building large scale applications in human nature. Applications include corrections in both at sequence and structure level for permanent recovery of defective one, adding flavor to the existing biomolecule for faster delivery or recovery etc. I have demonstrated here the active role played by carbon and all. This might be extended to another system of setup where new applications yet to be created. One can extend this phenomena of change from nano to large scale one

The potential benefit of SMART load limiters in European frontal impacts

In Europe, the deployment characteristics of frontal crash restraints are generally optimised to best protect an average young male, since a 50th percentile male dummy is used in a stylised frontal impact scenario. These single point restraint systems may not provide similar levels of effectiveness when the crash scenarios vary with respect to the regulatory and consumer crash test procedures. Previous research has demonstrated that varying restraint deployment characteristics according to occupant and crash variation can provide further injury reduction in frontal impacts. This thesis reports the investigation conducted to assess the potential real world injury reduction benefit of smart restraint systems in frontal impacts. The intelligent capability of the restraint was achieved by varying the seat belt load limiter (SBL) threshold, according to the frontal crash scenario. Real world accident data (CCIS) were analysed to identify the target population of vehicle occupants and frontal impact scenarios where employing smart load limiters could be most beneficial, particularly in reducing chest injury risk. From the accident sample, the chest was the most frequently injured body region at an AIS 2+ level in frontal impacts (7% of front seat occupants). The proportion of older vehicle front seat occupants (>64 years old) with AIS 2+ injury was also greater than the proportion of younger occupants. Additionally, older occupants were more likely to sustain seat belt induced serious chest injury in low and moderate speed frontal crashes. Numerical simulations using MADYMO software were conducted to examine the effect of varying the load limiter thresholds on occupant kinematics and injury outcome in frontal impacts. Generic baseline driver and front passenger numerical models were developed using a 50th percentile dummy and were adapted to accommodate a 5th and 95th percentile dummy. Simulations were performed where the load limiter threshold was varied in five frontal impact scenarios which were selected to cover as wide a range of real frontal crash conditions as possible. From the simulation results, it was found that for both the 50th and 95th percentile dummy in front seating positions (driver and passenger), the low SBL provided the best chest injury protection, without increasing the risk to other body regions. In severe impacts, the low SBL allowed the dummy to move further towards the front facia, thus increasing the chance of occupant hard contact with the vehicle interiors. The Smart load limiters predicted no injury risk reduction for the 5th percentile drivers, who are shorter and tend to sit closer to the steering wheel. The potential injury reduction of the smart load limiters was quantified by applying the estimated injury risk reduction from the simulation to the real world accident data sample. Thoracic injury predictions from the simulations were converted into injury probability values using AIS 2+ age dependent thoracic risk curves which were developed and validated based on a methodology proposed by Laituri et al. (2005). Real world benefit was quantified using the predicted relative AIS 2+ risk reduction and assuming an appropriate adaptive system was fitted to all the cars in the real world sample. When applying the AIS 2+ risk reduction findings to the weighted accident data sample, the risk of sustaining an AIS 2+ seat belt injury reduced from 1.3% to 0.9% for younger front seat occupants, 7.6% to 5.0% for middle aged front seat occupants and 13.1% to 8.6% for the older front seat occupants. The research findings clearly demonstrate a chest injury reduction benefit across all age groups when the load limiter characteristics are varied. It suggests that employing a smart load limiter in a vehicle would not only benefit older occupants but also middle aged and young occupants. The benefit does appear to be most pronounced for older occupants, since the older population is more vulnerable to chest injury. As the older population of car users is rapidly rising, the benefits of smarter systems can only increase in the future