Testing for Differences Across Genders: Evidence from Ultimatum Game

This paper analyses the following propositions: (i) Are people generally self-interested; (ii) If people tend to be generous, what is their motive, i.e., whether they fear rejection or do they prefer fairness; and (iii) Is there any behavioural difference in bargaining between males and females? We conduct an ultimatum bargaining experiment in a “same gender pairings” setting and observe the overall offers made by the proposers and the rejection rates of the responders. In order to test the second hypothesis we compare the offers that proposers anticipate will be accepted by the responders and the offers they actually make. If actual offer exceeds the minimum acceptable offer, anticipated by the proposer, we conclude that he is fair minded, otherwise, he is considered generous due to fear of rejection. In order to test the third hypothesis, we compare the offers and responses made by males and females in this game. Our results indicate that people on average, are not self-interested and tend to exhibit generosity. This behaviour is dictated by a fear of rejection rather than a concern for fairness. Further, this fear of rejection is very realistic, particularly, in the case of males, where the rejection rates for unfair offers are very high. Regarding gender differences, we find females to be more generous than males. However, reason for this generosity could not be found, since there is no significant difference in the degree of fairness or fear of rejection across the two genders. We also do not find any conclusive evidence that females are more reciprocal than males. Keywords: Ultimatum Game, Fairness, Reciprocit

Testing for Differences across Genders: A Replication of Ultimatum Game at International Islamic University, Islamabad

The paper attempts to test the following hypotheses: (i) Are people generally self interested, (ii) If people tend to be generous, what is the motive, i.e., either they fear rejection or do they have a preference for fairness, and (iii) Is there any behavioral difference in bargaining between males and females. In this respect, we conduct an ultimatum bargaining experiment in a “same gender pairings” setting in International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. In order to test the first hypothesis we look at the overall offers made by the proposers and the rejection rates of the responders. In order to test the second hypothesis we compare the offers that proposers anticipate will be accepted by the responders and the offers they actually make. If actual offer exceeds the minimum acceptable offer anticipated by the proposer, we conclude that he is fair minded. Otherwise, he is being generous due to fear of rejection. In order to test the third hypothesis, we compare the offers and responses made by males and females in this game. At the start of this study, we were of the view that the people of an Islamic society, in general, and students of International Islamic University, Islamabad, in particular, would show a greater concern for fairness rather than fear of rejection. As is evident, the results of this study prove these views wrong. Further, this fear of rejection was very realistic, particularly, in case of males where the rejection rates for unfair offers were very high

Testing for Differences across Genders: A Replication of Ultimatum Game at International Islamic University, Islamabad

The paper attempts to test the following hypotheses: (i) Are people generally self interested, (ii) If people tend to be generous, what is the motive, i.e., either they fear rejection or do they have a preference for fairness, and (iii) Is there any behavioral difference in bargaining between males and females. In this respect, we conduct an ultimatum bargaining experiment in a “same gender pairings” setting in International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan. In order to test the first hypothesis we look at the overall offers made by the proposers and the rejection rates of the responders. In order to test the second hypothesis we compare the offers that proposers anticipate will be accepted by the responders and the offers they actually make. If actual offer exceeds the minimum acceptable offer anticipated by the proposer, we conclude that he is fair minded. Otherwise, he is being generous due to fear of rejection. In order to test the third hypothesis, we compare the offers and responses made by males and females in this game. At the start of this study, we were of the view that the people of an Islamic society, in general, and students of International Islamic University, Islamabad, in particular, would show a greater concern for fairness rather than fear of rejection. As is evident, the results of this study prove these views wrong. Further, this fear of rejection was very realistic, particularly, in case of males where the rejection rates for unfair offers were very high

Synthesis and Characterization of Dihydrouracil Analogs Utilizing Biginelli Hybrids

Dihydrouracil presents a crucial intermediate in the catabolism of uracil. The vital im-portance of uracil and its nucleoside, uridine, encourages scientists to synthesize novel dihydroura-cils. In this paper, we present an innovative, fast, and effective method for the synthesis of dihy-drouracils. Hence, under mild conditions, 3‐chloroperbenzoic acid was used to cleave the carbon– sulfur bond of the Biginelli hybrids 5,6‐dihydropyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones. This approach led to thirteen novel dihydrouracils synthesized in moderate‐to‐high yields (32–99%)

On provision of resilient connectivity in cognitive unmanned aerial vehicles

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) can be established in the areas/scenarios where the infrastructure networks are either out of service or no more available. MANETs have a lot of applications in sensor networks. Generally, a MANET deploys mobile ground nodes to set up a network. However, there can be some severe scenarios such as flood, battlefield, rescue operations, etc. where these ground nodes cannot be deployed. In such cases, a network of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be a more viable option. Normally, UAVs operates on IEEE L-Band, IEEE S-Band or ISM band. These bands are already overcrowded, therefore, UAVs will face the problem of the spectrum scarcity. To resolve this issue cognitive radio (CR) is a most promising technology. Hence, in this work, we focus on CR based UAVs. As CR is based on opportunistic spectrum access, therefore, it is quite possible that all UAVs do not have one single channel available to communicate with each other. They need to form clusters for their communication depending on the availability of the channel. However, channel availability is intermittent because of opportunistic spectrum access. This may result in reforming of the cluster again and again. To avoid this frequent re-clustering and to maintain connectivity among the UAVs, in this paper, we present a resilient clustering technique with a concept of introducing a backup channel for each cluster. Simulation results show the significance of the proposed technique

Inbound Tourism In Malaysia: Unlocking the potential traveling experience of European and Oceanian Tourists

This study explores the memorable traveling experience (MTE) of 143 tourists from Europe and Oceanian in Malaysia. The researchers conducted a survey to investigate the factors that influence their revisit intention to Malaysia as an attractive destination. Partial least square structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS) results indicated that tourist attitudes, destination images, electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM), and perceived quality have positive and significant influences on travel intention. However, the eWOM failed to mediate the tourists’ attitudes, perceived quality, and destination image towards their revisit intentions.     Keywords: eWOM, Malaysia, Memorable Travelling Experience, Revisit Intentions eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA CE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i21.371

Increased isolation of ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae with emergence of carbapenem resistant isolates in Pakistan: report from a tertiary care hospital

OBJECTIVE: To report trends of extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL), multidrug resistant (MDR) ESBL and emergence of carbapenem resistant ESBL producing isolates of K. pneumoniae from Pakistan. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of laboratory data was conducted (2002-2007). K. pneumoniae were isolated and identified from clinical samples using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer. ESBL was detected using combined disc method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 13. RESULTS: 15914 K. pneumoniae isolates (2002-2007) were analyzed. Significant increase in ESBL and MDR ESBL producing K. pneumoniae (p = or \u3c 0.0001) was observed. We found significant association of ESBL positive K. pneumoniae with age less than 10 years, males and blood isolates (p = 0.001). 0.4% (n=23) of ESBL positive isolates were carbapenem resistant. CONCLUSIONS: Increase in ESBL and carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae is a serious threat to public health requiring continuous surveillance and use of appropriate screening tests for laboratory detection

TH-6: a high yielding cultivar of sesame released for general cultivation in Punjab

Background: Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a diploid species, known as Beniseed, Gingelly, Sim-Sim and Til. It is grown in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Sesame seed contains high nutritional values of certain compounds (25% protein and 50% oil) and is a vital source of natural antioxidants. TH-6 (96006) is characterized by white, bold and high yielding seeded variety of sesame with a unique character of having single stem.Methodology: Variety Punjab Til-90 and line 436602 were cultivated at Oilseeds Research Institute, Faisalabad. At flowering, Til-89 was crossed as female with the line 436602 in 1990. In 1991, the F1 generation of plants were grown and self-pollinated at flowering. Homozygous progenies of pedigree number F6-96006 from F6 were evaluated for their high yield in season 1996-97. Evaluation was done through micro, zonal, station and finally “National Uniform Yield Trials”.Results: In 2006, 2217 kg/ha production was marked as its maximum potential at Oilseed Research Institute (Faisalabad) in Zonal Varietal Trail. In National Uniform Sesame Yield 2006 and 2007 the performance of TH-6 was better than TS-3 (check) by giving 32.16% and 9.59% more yield respectively. TH-6 also showed moderate tolerance against insect pests Phyllody diseases and Charcoal Rot.Conclusion: Agronomic studies revealed that TH-6 performed better if planted in 15th to 30thJune if supplementation of one bag of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and half bag of Urea at the time of sowing and flowering, respectively, with 1st and 2nd irrigation

Inbound tourism in Malaysia: unlocking the potential traveling experience of European and Oceanian tourists

This study explores the memorable traveling experience (MTE) of 143 tourists from Europe and Oceanian in Malaysia. The researchers conducted a survey to investigate the factors that influence their revisit intention to Malaysia as an attractive destination. Partial least square structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS) results indicated that tourist attitudes, destination images, electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM), and perceived quality have positive and significant influences on travel intention. However, the eWOM failed to mediate the tourists’ attitudes, perceived quality, and destination image towards their revisit intentions