On the Territorial Negotiation between the Liao Dynadsty (Khitai) and the Northern Song in Kaifeng, 1075

The epitaph of Liang Ying 梁頴, who was an official of the Liao 遼 dynasty, was discovered in Zhuozhou 涿州 city, Hebei 河北 province, China in 2010. Because Liang Ying engaged in the so-called "territorial negotiations" held by Liao dynasty and Northern Song 宋 in the 1070s, we can find a description on the negotiations in the epitaph. There is a significant difference in the circumstances of historical materials between the Liao dynasty and Northern Song, which means the discovery of this description from Liao side material is considered extremely valuable. In the epitaph, part of a letter from the emperor of Northern Song to Liao dynasty in 1075 was cited, enabling us to recognize that the author of the epitaph regarded it as important in terms of the negotiations at Kaifeng 開封, in 1075. From this reason, the negotiation was a major consideration of this article. Specifically we examined the article of bingyin 丙寅, forth month, eighth year of Xining 煕寧(1075), of Xu-Zizhitongjian-changbian 続資治通鑑長編 volume 262.本研究は、日本学術振興会の科研費(15K16851)の助成をうけたものである

Between the History of Manchuria and that of Dongbei: the Relationship between INABA Iwakichi and JIN Yufu as Observed in Jingwushi – Riji

This paper is an investigation of the relationship between Inaba Iwakichi, regarded as the key figure in prewar Japan in the field of Mansenshi, or Manchurian-Korean history, and Jin Yufu, seen as the founding figure in China of the field of Dongbei-shi, or Northeastern history. Inaba Iwakichi and the nature of his work on Mansenshi has already attracted a certain amount of historiographical attention. However, this has primarily been from scholars concerned with Korean history. This paper will analyze Inaba and his Mansenshi from the perspective of Manchurian history. In this regard, it will focus on the relationship between Japanese research in Manchurian history and what may be regarded as its Chinese counterpart, research in Northeastern history. Specifically, it will examine the relationship between Inaba Iwakichi and Jin Yufu, the Chinese pioneer of Northeastern historical studies, using Jin\u27s diary, Jingwushi riji, as a primary source for examining Jin\u27s perspective on his relationship with Inaba

An Overview of the International Relationships of Liu Qi from "Shaoxing Jiayin Tonghelu" (紹興甲寅通和録)

This article examines the international relationships of the Qi (斉) dynasty. The Qi dynasty, also referred to as Liu Qi (劉斉) or Wei Qi (偽斉), was founded in the year 1130 by the Jin (金) dynasty as a collaboration regime to rule the Han Chinese in northern China. Liu Qi also intended to be one of Chinese orthodox dynasties to which the emperor belonged in appearance. This article examines the international relationships among the Qi and Jin dynasties and the Southern Song (南宋) as they are represented in "Shaoxing Jiayin Tonghelu," a document written by the Southern Song official Wang Hui (王絵), who was dispatched as an envoy to the Jin dynasty in 1134. The paper analyzes how these three dynasties are expressed in the document, which consists of descriptive parts, dialogs, and letters.本研究は、日本学術振興会の科研費（19K01028および20H01323）の助成をうけたものである

A brief study of the Guannan Oath

Two treaties were concluded between the Khitai and the Northern Song, in 1004 and 1042 respectively. The first is famous as the Treaty of Shanyuan; the second, the subject of the present paper, is referred to as “the revised treaty.” A set of documents, known as the Guannan Oath, was exchanged between the Khitai and the Northern Song when the revised treaty was signed in 1042. The present paper specifically addresses the following:▪ A translation of the Guannan Oath into modern Japanese, and an analysis of itscomposition as a text.▪ A comparison of the provisions of the Guannan Oath with those of the Shanyuan Oath.▪ An evaluation of the historiographic value of the text of the Guannan Oath as contained in Sanchao beimeng huibian, which up to now has been overlooked.研究ノー

On the Khitan-lingshi Cai Zhishun, or a Study of the Use of the Khitan Language in Liao Society

This paper is primarily concerned with the actual usage of the Khitan language during the Liao dynasty. In recent years steady progress has been made, from the perspective of linguistics, in deciphering the Khitan language. Despite this, there has been little deepening of the discussion, from the historical perspective, concerning how the Khitan language was actually used during the Liao dynasty, or what significance such usage had. Previous studies have tended to suggest that the Khitan language was primarily limited to symbolic uses and that the use of Chinese predominated for practical affairs. The author questions this interpretation, believing that more attention should be paid to the authority the Khitan language possessed as the native language of the ruling elite of the Liao dynasty. Specifically, this paper will examine the question of the extent to which Hanren (漢人) became conversant in the use of the Khitan language during the Liao dynasty, and to what extent the language was employed in the routine affairs of government administration

Notes on Chen Xiang Shiliao-yulu

Chen Xiang Shiliao-yulu is a diary style source written by an embassy dispatched to the Liao dynasty, which contains numerous conversations with Liao aristocrats. Moreover, since Shiliao-yulu is the longest among a series of Northern Song embassies\u27 diaries, it has very high value as a historical relation between Liao dynasty and Northern Song, but despite this high historical value, its volume and linguistic character have hindered more detailed examination. This time, the author attempts to redress the balance by making notes on Shiliao-yulu, although does not strive for complete achievement in this work alone given their own limits of ability. Accordingly, this work is merely preparation for future scholars researching Shiliao-yulu.研究ノー

Emperors in a Lord-Vassal Relationship : The Case of the Emperor of Qidan and the Emperor of Northern Han

East Asia, or Eastern Eurasia, between the 10th and the 13th centuries is characterized by the coexistence of multiple nations and dynasties. This also means the coexistence of multiple Emperors. This paper focuses on the relationship between the Emperor of Qidan (Liao) and the Emperor of Northern Han. As previous studies have suggested, our close examination of monument inscriptions confirmed that the Emperor of Qidan was superior to the Emperor of Northern Han. We also found that the two rulers were recognized as Emperors by both Qidan and Northern Han not only internationally but also domestically. Although this paper examines only the relationship of the Emperor of Qidan and the Emperor of Northern Han, it was common throughout East Asia during this time for the rulers of both countries in a lord-vassal relationship to be recognized as Emperors. The author believes that this relationship originated in the concept of sovereign qaγan, brought to Qidan from Northern Asia

An Exploratory Quantitative Study of Factors Associated with Dissatisfaction with Japanese Healthcare among Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals Living in Japan

Background: To identify factors necessary for the proper inclusion of foreigners in Japanese healthcare, we conducted a survey to determine whether foreign residents, even those with high socioeconomic status, referred to as “Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals”, experience difficulties when visiting medical institutions in Japan, using satisfaction level as an indicator. Method: A five-point Likert-scale, anonymous, online questionnaire was administered to faculty and doctoral students enrolled at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST). The respondents’ demographics and their opinions on what they found difficult or important during medical examinations, their impression of Japanese medical personnel, their requirements for language support and interpretation, and their opinions about local healthcare delivery systems were collected. The questionnaires were distributed and collected using Microsoft Forms. Results: Responses were obtained from 90 respondents (response rate: 20.7%). The percentage of respondents who were dissatisfied (bottom two of five Likert scales) with medical care in Japan was 23.4%. In univariate logistic regression analysis, 11 of 35 questions were significantly correlated with dissatisfaction with medical care (p < 0.1). Duration of stay, presence of family members living with the patient, satisfaction with life, and perceived usefulness of language support were negatively correlated with dissatisfaction with medical care, while communication problems with medical personnel, need for medical personnel to respect patients’ culture, religion, and privacy, and difficulty in getting to medical facilities were positively correlated with dissatisfaction with medical care. No significant correlations were found with age, gender, or Japanese language level. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of family members living with the subject (AOR = 0.092, p = 0.010), the desire for multilingual documentation (AOR = 0.177, p = 0.046), the physician’s concern for the patient’s culture and religion (AOR = 8.347, p = 0.029), and difficulty in communication with healthcare providers (AOR = 6.54, p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with overall dissatisfaction with medical care. Discussion: On average, the targeted Highly Skilled Foreign Professionals did not have strong levels of dissatisfaction with Japanese healthcare, but when they did have dissatisfaction, it was related to language barriers, lack of cultural and religious considerations, and difficulty in communication with healthcare providers. We believe that the results indicate the focus points of support necessary for the inclusion of foreigners. We also believe that the finding that family cohabitation is associated with satisfaction with medical care is a useful insight into effective reciprocal support on the part of patients

Narratives on the Current Medical Situation in Japan According to Highly Specialized Foreign Professionals

In order to understand the difficulties faced by highly skilled foreign professionals when dealing with the Japanese healthcare system and to identify the support they require therein, university health center staff members of the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University conducted semi-structured interviews with faculty, staff, and students from the Institute. Data from the interviews were analyzed by subject matter analysis using a narrative-oriented approach. In total, 13 participants were interviewed, and five themes and 15 subthemes were generated from the 40 codes extracted. Although participants considered themselves to be accepting of other cultures and made little mention of the need for cultural and religious considerations that previous studies have identified as important, they reported that their experiences receiving healthcare in Japan were fraught with many difficulties. They felt that the capacity to communicate in Japanese was a prerequisite for receiving appropriate healthcare and that hospitals should assume the responsibility of providing language support. While they reported satisfaction with the easy and inexpensive access to advanced medical equipment and specialists in Japan, they also noted challenges in selecting medical institutions and departments, the flow and procedures in the hospital, and building open and direct relationships with doctors. In addition, based on the present study, people with chronic illnesses felt isolated from the community, worried about a lack of privacy, and wanted a primary care physician they could trust. In order to provide appropriate healthcare to foreigners, we require an accurate understanding of their needs, how to address these comprehensively and in a multifaceted manner, and how the communication responsibilities should be shared among the involved parties (i.e., foreign care recipients and Japanese medical professionals)