Resident Autonomy and Social Education in Apartment Buildings Areas in the High-Growth Period

This study shows how Japanese researchers in the high-growth period grasped the characteristics of self-governing associations in newly built apartment buildings areas. This study also examines the relation between self-governing associations, learning activities of residents, and adult education services provided by municipalities during this period. Researchers focusing on sociology and education in the high-growth period pointed out the difference between these self-governing associations, mainly consisting of new middle class, and traditional neighborhood groups outside of these areas. Some of these researchers evaluated positively the activities of self-governing associations because of their orientation of democratic solidarity and progressivism. These self-governing associations often included or were accompanied with learning activities of residents. These learning activities were sometimes supported by public adult education services. The public adult education services were not indispensable to these learning activities, but played a certain degree of supportive roles for residents.本論文は，JSPS科研費（JP19K02429）の助成を受けて行った研究の成果の一部である

The Relocated Concepts of 'Community', 'Groups' and 'Cooperativeness' and Municipal Social Education in Urban Areas: A Historical Overview of Urban Kominkans and Adult Schools in the Early Post-War and the High-Growth Period of Japan

Community learning centers in Japan, well known as kominkans, began to be established as social education (i.e. non-formal education in Japan) facilities just after WWII, and their activities were based on the concepts of ‘community’, ‘groups’ and ‘cooperativeness.’ The combination of these concepts remained to be the fundamental principle of municipal social education even after the high-growth period, though the social context substantially transformed. We should examine why and how these concepts remained as the principle of municipal social education. The analysis in this study revealed two findings. Firstly, although these concepts remained to be the elements of the principle for municipal social education, after the high-growth period they were relocated as the keywords which indicate an ideal situation that should be generated by the activities of kominkans, rather than as the presupposition of their activities. Secondly, these concepts were referred to in the activities of adult schools, which were managed mainly by municipal social education administration in urban areas. Many municipality have referred to these concepts even after the high-growth period because there were no other realistic alternatives. The resources for municipal social education have been limited after the high-growth period. Under such circumstances, kominkans, established mainly before 1970s as social education facilities of community level, have been available and important resources. Thus, the combination of the concepts, which is suitable for the activities of kominkan, remained to be the principle of municipal social education, although modified according to the urbanization throughout and after the high-growth period.本稿は，2019年度科学研究費補助金（基盤研究（C）「都市新中間層の共同性形成と社会教育に関する歴史研究：高度成長期の団地を事例として」課題番号：19K02429，研究代表者：久井英輔）による研究成果の一部である

Reexamining Apartment Buildings and Adult Education: Arguments for the Solidarity of Urban Residents in the High-growth Period of Japan

Many historical researchers today refer to residents living in apartment buildings in the high-growth period of Japan. The residents of apartment buildings are significant subjects of historical studies in cases that consider the relation between individuality and solidarity in urban areas. This viewpoint is relevant to the historical study of adult education. In the high-growth period of Japan, people involved in adult education actively discussed the possibility of the solidarity of apartment residents and possible methods of adult education to create such solidarity. Nowadays, however, researchers on adult education no longer refer to the arguments from that period. Considering the above, this paper presents an outline of the arguments by those involved in adult education regarding the residents of apartment buildings. These arguments can be categorized as follows: one is based on a standpoint that presupposes the solidarity created by residential movements, and the other is based on the standpoint that demands “neutral” solidarity among residents. Each standpoint, however, shared the conviction that the solidarity of residents was indispensable, and the understanding that the residents had already fostered their own solidarity, at least to a certain extent. Furthermore, the advocates for each standpoint who presupposed “pure” solidarity sometimes ignored the heterogeneity of the residents

Adult Education for the Residents of Apartment Buildings and Social Surveys in the High Growth Period: The Attention to the Formation of Groups and Cooperativity of Urban Residents

This study examines the social surveys of apartment building residents during the high-growth period of Japan to shed light on how those who were concerning adult education in this period grasped the features of urban residents. A municipal adult education system was established after World War II, which relied on cooperativitiy and groups in rural communities. By the 1960s, staffs and researchers on adult education came to share the perspective of combining adult education activities with cooperativity and groups in communities. Therefore, adult education activities in urban areas also need to be based on cooperativity and groups within the community. Thus, the Ministry of Education and municipal education boards conducted several surveys on apartment building residents for adult education planning. Several perspectives were shared by these surveys: the belief of the importance of cooperativity and groups based on communities, considering housewives as the community’s core individuals, and the peculiarity of apartment building residents compared to other residents

The New Life Movement and its Relationship with Local Governments’ Social Education Administration of Early Postwar Japan: Focus on Developments in Ehime Prefecture during the 1950s

This study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP16K04550

「生活改善」のメディアとしての婦人雑誌と〈中流〉をめぐる言説・実践 : 大正・昭和初期における変容の構図

本稿は、2014年度科学研究費補助金（基盤研究（C）、「生活改善運動の多様性と変容過程に関する社会教育史研究」、課題番号24531006、研究代表者: 久井英輔）による研究成果の一部である

Cities and ""Villages"" in the Movement for the Improvement of Living in the Later Taisho and the Early Showa Era : the discourses about the targets of the movement and their transition

The current studies on the movement for the improvement of living before WWII in Japan mainly referred to cities, or to farming villages only individually. I think it is necessary to examine the mutual relation between the cities and villages in this movement. In this paper I investigate the discourses on the journal of Seikatu-Kaizen-Domeikai (The League for the Improvement of Living) and Seikatu-Kaizen-Chuokai (The Central Association for the Improvement of Living) From early 1930s, Domeikai and Chuokai tried to expand its activities into rural districts, especially farming areas. On the journal of Domeikai and Chuoukai (Seikatsu-Kaizen or Seikatsu), many articles about farming villages can be found in the end of 1920s and 1930s. But, as a whole, the activities of Domeikai and Chuokai, and the articles on this journal were aiming mainly at the inhabitants of cities. We can find two features in the discourses of these articles. First, the dichotomy of ""city"" and ""village"" can be found. This structure of discourses consisted of gaudy and frivolous ""cities"" and thrifty and steady ""villages."" Second, though in early 1920s the new middle class was regarded as the leader for the improvement of living conditions, the discourses that regarded villages as the models of life-style were dominant on the journal in the end of 1920s and 1930s. These discourses about ""villages"" played a role to clarify the problems of the life-style of ""cities."" But the number of articles that referred to farming villages rapidly decreased in the end of 1930s. The image of ""villages"" as the opposing life-style to ""cities"" could exist on the basis of the extreme differentials of living condition between cities and villages. These differentials became unclear under the war, and the discourses which had related ""cities"" and ""villages"" lost its basis

Juvenile Crimes in the Meiji Era and Official Statistics : statistical "facts" and explanations of them

In this paper I attempt statistical analysis of juvenile criminals in the Meiji era. The arguments about juvenile crimes or delinquency in this period have referred mainly to discourses, institutions, or qualitative materials. By using quantitative materials, I point out the problems of these biased arguments. First, I examine the transition of number of juvenile criminal defendants in the Meiji era. We can find that the transition of total number of them was much influenced on by the number of defendants for "minor crimes." Moreover, the transition in laws and regulations of police control, and transition in formality of statistics were reflected on the number of minor crimes. We can say that discourses of this periocl about juvenile crimes referred to the statistical data which was much influenced on these "external variables." Second, I examine the statistics of the attributes of juvenile prisoners in 1900s (property of their family, education, growing condition, crimes they had committed, etc.) These statistical materials tell us that some of discourses in this period about attributes of juvenile prisoners were exaggerated, or inaccurate