In-Situ Sensors for Process Control of CuIn(Ga)Se2 Module Deposition; Annual Technical Report, 15 February 1998-15 February 1999

Materials Research Group (MRG), Inc., is developing in-situ sensors to improve yield, reproducibility, average efficiency, and prevention of ''lost processes.'' In-situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF) will be used to monitor composition and thickness of deposited layers, and in-situ optical emission spectroscopy (OES) will be used to provide real-time feedback describing the deposition plasma. Characterization techniques are to be examined ex-situ in the first two years of the contract, and applied to existing deposition systems in the final year. Progress toward achieving these goals during Phase I includes: Development and verification of an XRF simulation tool to troubleshoot measurements, to predict difficulties in XRF interpretation, and to calculate quantities needed in the translation from XRF signal to composition; Examination of the implication of sample conditions unique to CIGS photovoltaics - such as varying Ga gradients, intermediate film thicknesses where neither thick-film nor thin-film approximations are valid, variations in back-contact thickness, multiple layers, variations in substrate composition and thickness - on XRF interpretation; Fabrication of CIGS samples and test structures for XRF measurements; Execution and interpretation of XRF measurements examining system accuracy; Design of a prototype XRF sensor built entirely of cost-effective, commercially available components that are suitable for integration into closed-loop deposition control; Evaluation of pulsed DC sputtering of Se; and Interaction with CIS National Team industrial partners to specify and adapt sensor functions

A Theory of Religious Accommodation

This paper examines the moral case for a right to religious accommodation, which requires that religious conduct be free of any serious burdens placed on it by the state. Two different types of normative argument for this right are outlined and rejected. The first appeals to religion as a ‘basic good’, and the second to religion as an ‘intense preference’. In place of these, I suggest that a third type of argument has greater prospects of success. Religious accommodation is justified on the grounds that religious conduct is a ‘derivative good’ — that is, it derives its value from its being necessary for something else, namely, the integrity of the religious person

Regulatory capitalism, decentred enforcement and its legal consequences for digital expression : the use of copyright law to restrict freedom of speech online

Copyright as currently understood is justified by the belief that the protection it grants to creators incentivises the continued creation of works deemed culturally beneficial to society. However, its use can be less altruistic, as a means of suppressing embarrassing or controversial information. The ability to disseminate sensitive material quickly through the Internet concerns both State and non-State actors, and there are indications that through the use of private intermediaries, copyright can be used to suppress speech. This article shall seek to explain how the current neoliberal system of governance blurs the line between public and private actors, creating a diffused and decentralised system of copyright enforcement that allows for the suppression of speech in a way that avoids discussion of censorship