L'endoctrinement et la philosophie pour enfants de Matthew Lipman et Ann Margaret Sharp

À l’origine de ce mémoire se trouve le souhait de saisir en profondeur ce que représente l’endoctrinement et de voir comment, si tel est le cas, la philosophie pour enfants de Matthew Lipman et Ann Margaret Sharp pourrait servir de rempart contre son existence. Pour ce faire, nous commençons par étudier la définition qu’en propose le philosophe de l’éducation, Olivier Reboul. À la lumière de son analyse, nous présentons deux cas concrets d’endoctrinement, l’éducation hitlérienne et la reproduction sociale par le biais du système scolaire français. Ces études de cas ont pour visée d’évaluer la définition proposée par Reboul et également de révéler l’importance de contrer l’endoctrinement. Partant de l’hypothèse que la pratique de la philosophie pour enfants, selon l’approche de M. Lipman et A. M. Sharp, peut être un rempart approprié pour contrer l’endoctrinement, nous présentons, dans la seconde partie de ce mémoire, le but, les objectifs et la méthode de cette pratique en éducation. Nous pouvons dès lors tenter de montrer de quelle manière elle permettrait de lutter efficacement contre l’endoctrinement en évitant d’être endoctriné ou d’avoir la tentation de le faire.At the origin of this paper is the desire to gain an in-depth understanding of indoctrination, what it represents and to see how, if so, Matthew Lipman and Ann Margaret Sharp's approach to philosophy for children could serve as a rampart against its existence. To do this, we begin by studying the definition proposed by Olivier Reboul, a philosopher of education. In light of his analysis, we will present two concrete cases of indoctrination, education in Nazy Germany under the Hitler regime and social reproduction through the French school system. The purpose of these case studies is to evaluate Reboul’s definition and reveal the urgent need to counter indoctrination. Assuming that the practice of philosophy for children, according to M. Lipman and A. M. Sharp, may be an appropriate rampart to counter indoctrination, we present, in the second half of this paper, the purpose, objectives and method of this practice in education. We can therefore try to show how it could effectively combat indoctrination avoiding being indoctrinated or the temptation to indoctrinate

Experimental investigation of air related tyre/road noise mechanisms

Exterior vehicle noise has a very big impact when it comes to environmental noise pollution. Due to the decrease of the other noise sources of a passenger car, like power-train and air turbulence noise in the last decade, the tyre/road noise has become a more important part in the overall noise generation of a vehicle nowadays. It is considered as the main noise source in nearly all driving conditions, especially with increasing vehicle speed. The easiest idea to tackle this pollution is to introduce rules like speed-limits to control the noise at a certain area or time. More interesting, however, is to approach the problem of unwanted noise directly at the source. This Thesis, carried out at Loughborough University, aims to give a better understanding about the basic noise generation mechanisms at the tyre/road interface. Especially, the air related mechanisms of closed cavities are analysed. With the usage of a solid rubber tyre, unique measurements have been carried out and the results are compared to the theories already existing in the literature. These measurements reveal some of the strengths and weaknesses of the current understanding of air related noise generation.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Dietary counselling of children with food allergy

Background: The management of food allergy is challenging for children and their families. Several international guidelines recommend involving dietitians in the management; however, their tasks remain uncertain, and the effectiveness of dietary counselling has rarely been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary counselling in children with food allergy regarding food allergy related quality of life (QoL), number of allergic reactions, and growth as indicator of nutritional status and diet diversity. Methods: The project was guided by the Complex Intervention Model by the Medical Research Council. To reach the overall aim there needed to be a common understanding of how to counsel this patient group. Therefore, the first step was to develop a practice guideline for dietary counselling in collaboration with dietitians and other stakeholders. Furthermore, a valid instrument to measure QoL was required. For this purpose, a previously validated English questionnaire, the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire – Parent Form (FAQLQ-PF), was translated into German, adapted culturally, and validated. For the final evaluation study, a multi-centre non-randomised controlled study was conducted, in which children with food allergies were followed up from diagnosis over one year, comparing children who received dietary counselling (intervention) with those that did not (control). Outcomes were measured at baseline, after three, six and twelve months, with online questionnaires. In this thesis, only six months data is presented due to delay in recruitment and consequent follow up data collection. Results: Results of this project include the practice guideline consisting of 25 recommendations for dietitians based on the Nutrition Care Process. A further result is a validated German version of the FAQLQ-PF. In the comparative study, 48 children were included, 29 with counselling and 19 without counselling. The most important finding was that children without counselling had a 2.65-fold higher risk of experiencing an allergic reaction in the first three months after diagnosis (Incident Rate Ratio=2.65 (unadjusted model), 95% CI: 1.12; 6.25. p = 0.026). The only other outcomes to differ were the number of allergic reactions after three and six months in the model adjusted to age, sex, and multiple food allergies. However, the median number of consultations with the dietitian was two and the guideline was incompletely implemented by the dietitians, thus, the full impact of dietary counselling may not be evident. Conclusion: This data suggests that dietary counselling is an important element of the routine management of children with food allergy because it has the potential to reduce allergic reactions. Further evidence needs to underpin this preliminary finding and cost-effectiveness needs to be evaluated. The German version of the FAQLQ-PF tool was successfully used to assess QoL in this study (acceptable to participants and feasible in the study context) but lack sensitivity at already high QoL. The implementation of the practice guideline developed in this project needs to be further evaluated, and reasons for the failure to fully implement it into the work of dietitians identified

Air-related mechanisms of noise generation by solid rubber tyres with cavities

There are four main air-related noise generation mechanisms at the tyre/road interface, which were all categorised more than 20 years ago. The first one is the so-called ‘air pumping’ mechanism. Two other air-related phenomena that occur when there are air movements near the contact patch of the tyre are ‘air resonant radiation’ and ‘pipe resonances’ which appear at the footprint of the tyre. In addition to these, there is a forth effect, which is mentioned in the literature, that is occurring due to turbulence effects of the air surrounding the spinning tyre. There has been less focus on the air related mechanisms than on other types of tyre noise generation mechanisms. This paper attempts to add some detail to current understanding of the air-related noise generation at the tyre road interface and gives some further information on how to identify the differences due to these mechanisms. Specifically in the present paper, a solid rubber tyre running on a vehicle chassis dynamometer is used to study the first two mechanisms. This is done with emphasis on the time history of the recorded signal and not on the frequency spectrum, as is more commonly used. A comparison with existing theoretical models of these mechanisms reveals some of the strength and weaknesses of the current understanding of these phenomena

Monitoring Cell Death in Regorafenib-Treated Experimental Colon Carcinomas Using Annexin-Based Optical Fluorescence Imaging Validated by Perfusion MRI

Objective To investigate annexin-based optical fluorescence imaging (OI) for monitoring regorafenib-induced early cell death in experimental colon carcinomas in rats, validated by perfusion MRI and multiparametric immunohistochemistry. Materials and Methods Subcutaneous human colon carcinomas (HT-29) in athymic rats (n = 16) were imaged before and after a one-week therapy with regorafenib (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8) using annexin-based OI and perfusion MRI at 3 Tesla. Optical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and MRI tumor perfusion parameters (plasma flow PF, mL/100mL/min;plasma volume PV,%) were assessed. On day 7, tumors underwent immunohistochemical analysis for tumor cell apoptosis (TUNEL),proliferation (Ki-67),and microvascular density (CD31). Results Apoptosis-targeted OI demonstrated a tumor-specific probe accumulation with a significant increase of tumor SNR under therapy (mean Delta +7.78 +/- 2.95, control: -0.80 +/- 2.48, p = 0.021). MRI detected a significant reduction of tumor perfusion in the therapy group (mean Delta PF -8.17 +/- 2.32 mL/100 mL/min, control -0.11 +/- 3.36 mL/100 mL/min, p = 0.036). Immunohistochemistry showed significantly more apoptosis (TUNEL;11392 +/- 1486 vs. 2921 +/- 334, p = 0.001),significantly less proliferation (Ki-67;1754 +/- 184 vs. 2883 +/- 323, p = 0.012),and significantly lower microvascular density (CD31;107 +/- 10 vs. 182 +/- 22, p = 0.006) in the therapy group. Conclusions Annexin-based OI allowed for the non-invasive monitoring of regorafenib-induced early cell death in experimental colon carcinomas, validated by perfusion MRI and multiparametric immunohistochemistry