いくつかのアジアの都市における浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の現状:ウラジオストク,ジャカルタ,高雄

Environmental studies have been conducted in several major Asian cities to evaluate the influence of pollution on global weather conditions, and the results have been made public. This paper reports the results of SPM(suspended particulate matter)measurements carried out at Vladivostok, Jakarta, and Kaohsiung, where official data are not obtained easily. The author has carried out the measurements using a laser dust monitor, analyzed public meteorological data, and drawn contour maps according to the SPM concentration data. The air environment of Vladivostok and Jakarta has significantly improved since the time of investigation. The decrease in the SPM density can be attributed to the following factors: 1)Introduction of second-hand cars from Japan and the use of exhaust gas control technology in cars. 2)Introduction of new policies limiting exhaust gas emissions and urban traffic. 3)Weather condition on the day of measurement. The data measured at Kaohsiung show that the SPM density is strongly influenced by the measurement time, and not by the measurement place. Moreover, the SPM density at Kaohsiung has been found to change significantly during the day. The SPM concentration is low during the day, but increases from dusk to dawn. The increase in SPM concentration is a serious problem, and the administration should take measures to control the SPM concentration. Because the latest SPM data cannot be obtained easily, it is not possible to discuss city environmental problems in detail. Urban traffic and air pollution have serious implications on the city environment. By using the method explained in this report, visual information on the air contaminant distribution in cities can be obtained instantly, without using large-scale expensive equipment. This information will be useful for designing cities and improving the quality of city life in the future

〔研究ノート〕北欧諸都市における SPM（浮遊粒子状物質）の現状

A clean, safe living environment is necessary for people to be happy. However, owing to lack of awareness of the effects of pollution, the fact is not intuitively understood. Environmental studies have been conducted in several major Asian cities by my lab to evaluate pollution levels, and the results have been made public. This paper reports the results of suspended particulate matter （SPM） measurements carried out in the Nordic cities of Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm, Helsinki and Rovaniemi so they could be compared with values obtained in Asian cities

プノンペン(カンボジア)における浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の現状

A clean, safe living environment is necessary for people to be happy. However, because there is a lack of awareness of the influences of pollution, it is not easy to understand air contaminants intuitively. Therefore, for the dissemination of information to be effective, city residents must first understand the basics of air pollution. Environmental studies have been conducted in several major Asian cities to evaluate the influence of pollution on global weather conditions, and the results have been made public. This paper reports on Phnom Penh, where official data cannot be obtained. In numerous Asian cities, although SPM concentration is low during the day it increases from dusk to dawn. This is not the case in Phnom Penh. According to an emissions inventory, the main source of SPM in Phnom Penh is residential cooking and unpaved roads. Therefore, the suburbs had a higher SPM value than the urban area in Phnom Penh. On the other hand, the amount of black carbon(BC)in Phnom Penh was very high, - over six times greater than in Tokyo. Because the latest SPM data cannot be obtained easily, it is not possible to discuss city environmental problems in detail. In Phnom Penh, public stations that continuously measure air pollution levels might be necessary. By using the method explained in this report, visual information on the air contaminant distribution in cities can be obtained instantly, without using large-scale expensive equipment. This information will be useful in designing cities and improving the quality of city life in the future

メルボルン(オーストラリア)における浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の現状

A clean, safe living environment is necessary for people to be happy. However, because of a lack of awareness regarding the influences of pollution, air contaminants are not intuitively understood. Once the understanding of air pollutants among city residents is improved, the dissemination of information is easily accomplished. Environmental studies have been conducted in several major Asian cities to evaluate the influence of pollution on global weather conditions, and the results have been made public. This paper reports on Melbourne, in order to facilitate comparison with cities in Asia. Melbourne, located in southeastern Australia, is not influenced by the air pollution of the northern hemisphere because it is located south of the "chemical equator." Moreover, since Melbourne is not prone to haze, the air is not polluted and its environment is known to be excellent. The researcher visited Melbourne in August 2013 and February 2014. Measurements of suspended particulate matter(SPM)were logged in the center of the city and measured in areas within a 20 km range. The values in both winter and summer were extremely low, and their mean values were much lower than the background value of Shanghai. This interesting result warrants further discussion in the context of the metropolitan environment of Asian countries

いくつかのアジアの都市における浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の現状 -ジャカルタとハノイ-

Environmental studies have been conducted in several major Asian cities to evaluate the influence of pollution on global weather conditions, and the results have been made public. This paper reports the results of suspended particulate matter(SPM)measurements carried out in Jakarta and Hanoi, cities in which official data cannot be easily obtained. According to an investigation performed by the World Bank in the 1990s, Jakarta faced a "serious SPM problem." PM10 decreased by approximately 11.9% from 2001 to 2008, and it fell below the SPM standard value for Jakarta, although official data shows only the annual mean value. SPM in Hanoi was measured by my laboratory in September 2009 and February 2007. SPM values had decreased at 33 of the 37 places where we had taken measurements in the earlier study. The SPM values had decreased by half at 20 places. However, high SPM values were still found in downtown areas such as the area surrounding Hanoi Station which receives heavy traffic and where there are many skyscrapers being built. SPM concentration is low during the day, but increases from dusk to dawn in numerous Asian cities. The increase in SPM concentration is a serious problem, and the administrations responsible for these cities should take some measures to control this SPM concentration. Because current SPM data cannot be obtained easily, it is not possible to discuss city environmental problems in detail. Urban traffic and air pollution have serious effects on the urban environment. The method explained in this report makes it possible for visual information about the air contaminant distribution in cities to be obtained instantly, without using cumbersome and expensive equipment. This information will be useful in designing cities and improving the quality of city life in the future

The Present Problems of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in Vietnam

To evaluate the influence that big cities in Southeast Asia give to earth environment and to make this information available to the public, in our laboratory, in the form of a database, I have performed environmental researches in several large Southeast Asian cities. This paper reports on the measurement results for SPM (suspended particulate matter) in Hanoi and Ho Chi Ming City in February, 2007. In Vietnam, the public measurement of air pollution can finally be initiated; this was previously impossible as the measured values were not released. The author carried out the measurements using a laser dust monitor, analyzed with the public meteorological data and drew contour maps according to the SPM concentration data. If the method explained in this report is used, without large-scale expensive equipment, it is possible for us to instantly get visual information on air contaminant distribution in cities

シンガポール,台北,香港における浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)の現状

When global environment is considered, we must pay attention to the environmental preservation of the huge Southeast Asian cities where industry and population growth is remarkable. This paper reports on the measurement results for SPM in Singapore, Taipei and Hong Kong. SPM is one of the air contaminants whose grave influence on health has been pointed out. The author carried out the measurements using a laser dust monitor and made contour maps. These maps make it possible for us to instantly get information on SPM concentration distribution and detect its genetic sources. In Singapore and Taipei the author succeeded in drawing contour maps according to the results around subway stations that function as the focal points of cities. These maps enable us to visually catch the SPM source and its diffusion directions. The measurement results in Hong Kong could not be completed in one contour map since from the second day of the author\u27s taking measurements the atmosphere was quite stable with insufficient convection. The basic and important measurement results for understanding the existing condition of air pollution in large cities in Southeast Asia were obtained

タイにおける浮遊粒子状物質(SPM)汚染の現状

In Thailand, air pollution and automobile congestion with traffic delays have become an important problem. In Bangkok and Chiangmai, the result of SPM measurements in August 4-10, 2003 were reported, contour maps of the SPM concentration were made and the present problems were discussed. The SPM measurement in Bangkok using BTS (Bangkok Mass Transit System), was 6.6% more than the environmental standard for Thailand. However, in Chiangmai, the SPM concentration was reasonably good. It is not easy to know why the TSP (Total Suspended Particulate) concentration including SPM improved in Chiangmai because the automobile is not the only cause. However, concentrations were slightly higher near arterial roads

Structure and Function of Myosin Isoforms in Adult Chicken Hindlimb Muscles

Although large accumulation of sequence data is published for a variety of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, the meaning of heterogeneity among the amino acid sequences remains unclear as to the key contractile and biochemical properties of muscle fibres. In the present study, we studied on MHC isoforms in three adult chicken hindlimb muscles: ilio-tibialis, gastrocnemius and femoritibialis) and pectoralis muscle, by means of in vitro motility assay and measurement of ATPase activity. The motility speed of myosins and ATPase activities of myofibrils extracted from the hindlimb muscles were significantly lower than those from the pectoralis muscle consisting of a homogeneous MHC (P-type). ATPase activity of femori-tibialis myofibril was remarkably lower than those of ilio-tibialis and gastrocnemius myofibrils. We found the differential expression of MHC isoforms in these muscles by northern blot analysis. Furthermore, we determined the amino acid sequences of the 23kDa, 50kDa and 20kDa fragments from a major MHC isoform (G-type) found in the three hindlimb muscles. There was approximately 4.3% amino acid difference between G-type and P-type, however the characteristically methylated amino acids were recognized in the G-type at the same residues as in the P-type. In the course of sequencing the 20kDa fragment from femori-tibialis muscle myosin, we found another MHC isoform (F-type). Contentratios of P-type, G-type and F-type were about 3 : 7 : 0 in ilio-tibialis, 2 : 7 : 0 in gastrocnemius, and 1 : 6 : 3 in femori-tibialis, respectively. All these data suggest that the motility speed of myosin and ATPase activity of myofibril correlate with the content-ratio of the MHC isoforms in each muscle

〔研究ノート〕 サードハンド・スモーク -学習教材としての提案-

The concept of third-hand smoke(exposure to the poisonous substances in cigarette smoke that remain after a cigarette has been extinguished)is still little known, and certainly not as well known as second-hand smoke. In this study, the status of third-hand smoke awareness was first established by conducting a questionnaire survey. The survey results showed that many people are familiar with neither the term nor the concept "third-hand smoke." To help people understand that, though third-hand smoke can\u27t be seen, it is still harmful, a clear airtight container of the type which can be obtained anywhere was employed as a pseudo-smoking area, and using this with a gas detection tube, a smell monitor, and a color sensor we were able to make the existence and effects of third-hand smoke clear. This study proposes that the pseudo-smoking area which makes clear the existence of third-hand smoke can be used as a learning material because it allows learners to experience the harm with all five of their senses