161 research outputs found
The Distribution Of Cosmological -ray Bursts
We compare the burst distribution of the new (2B) BATSE catalogue to a
cosmological distribution. The observed distribution agrees well with a
cosmological one, however, it is insensitive to cosmological parameters such as
\O and . The bursts are not necessarily standard candles and their
luminosity can vary by up to a factor of ten. The maximal red shift, \zm, of
bursts longer than 2 sec is (assuming no evolution). The
present data is insufficient to determine maximal red shift, \zm, of bursts
shorter than 2 sec.Comment: 9 pages, uuencoded file, 4 figures included, can also be obtained
from ftp://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il or at
(Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters
Class Size and the Regression Discontinuity Design: The Case of Public Schools
Using a rich individual-level dataset on secondary public schools in Israel, we find strong evidence for discontinuities in the relationship between enrollment and household characteristics at cutoff points induced by a maximum class size rule. Our findings extend existing work that documents such discontinuities only among private schools (Urquiola and Verhoogen, 2009). These discontinuities violate the assumptions underlying the regression discontinuity design, which are crucial for identification. Consequently, IV estimates of class size effects are likely to be seriously biased. Potential manipulation of the treatment assignment rule by public schools warrants caution in applying a regression discontinuity design to estimate class size effects and indicates that institutional context is crucial for its scope of applicability.regression discontinuity design, class size
A Simultaneous Spectral Invariant Analysis of the GRB Count Distribution and Time Dilation
The analysis of the BATSE's count distribution within cosmological models
suffers from observational uncertainties due to the variability of the bursts'
spectra: when BATSE observes bursts from different redshifts at a fixed energy
band it detects photons from different energy bands at the source. This adds a
spectral dependence to the count distribution . Similarly variation of
the duration as a function of energy at the source complicates the time
dilation analysis. We describe here a new statistical formalism that performs
the required ``blue shifting" of the count number and the burst duration in a
statistical manner. This formalism allows us to perform a combined best fit
(maximal likelihood) to the count distribution, , and the duration
distribution simultaneously. The outcome of this analysis is a single best fit
value for the redshift of the observed bursts.Comment: 5 pages, Latex using aps macros including one figure. Also available
at ftp://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il or at
http://shemesh.fiz.huji.ac.il/papers/CP_huntsmev.ps To appear in Gamma-Ray
Bursts, third workshop, Huntsville Oct-199
Radiative Efficiencies of Continuously Powered Blast Waves
We use general arguments to show that a continuously powered radiative blast
wave can behave self similarly if the energy injection and radiation mechanisms
are self similar. In that case, the power-law indices of the blast wave
evolution are set by only one of the two constituent physical mechanisms. If
the luminosity of the energy source drops fast enough, the radiation mechanisms
set the power-law indices, otherwise, they are set by the behavior of the
energy source itself. We obtain self similar solutions for the Newtonian and
the ultra-relativistic limits. Both limits behave self similarly if we assume
that the central source supplies energy in the form of a hot wind, and that the
radiative mechanism is the semi-radiative mechanism of Cohen, Piran & Sari
(1998). We calculate the instantaneous radiative efficiencies for both limits
and find that a relativistic blast wave has a higher efficiency than a
Newtonian one. The instantaneous radiative efficiency depends strongly on the
hydrodynamics and cannot be approximated by an estimate of local microscopic
radiative efficiencies, since a fraction of the injected energy is deposited in
shocked matter. These solutions can be used to calculate Gamma Ray Bursts
afterglows, for cases in which the energy is not supplied instantaneously.Comment: 28 LaTeX pages, including 9 figures and 3 table
The Implications of Direct Red-Shift Measurement of -ray Bursts
The recent discoveries of X-ray and optical counterparts for GRBs, and a
possible discovery of a host galaxy, implies that a direct measurement of the
red-shift of some GRBs host galaxies is eminent. We discuss the implications of
such measurements. They could enable us to determine the GRBs luminosity
distribution, the variation of the rate of GRBs with cosmic time, and even,
under favorable circumstances, to estimate . Using GRB970508 alone, and
assuming standard candles, we constrain the intrinsic GRB evolution to
.Comment: 12 Latex pages plus one postscript figur
Regulation of the proteostasis network by the neuronal system
The protein homeostasis (proteostasis) network is a nexus of molecular mechanisms that act in concert to maintain the integrity of the proteome and ensure proper cellular and organismal functionality. Early in life the proteostasis network efficiently preserves the functionality of the proteome, however, as the organism ages, or due to mutations or environmental insults, subsets of inherently unstable proteins misfold and form insoluble aggregates that accrue within the cell. These aberrant protein aggregates jeopardize cellular viability and, in some cases, underlie the development of devastating illnesses. Hence, the accumulation of protein aggregates activates different nodes of the proteostasis network that refold aberrantly folded polypeptides, or direct them for degradation. The proteostasis network apparently functions within the cell, however, a myriad of studies indicate that this nexus of mechanisms is regulated at the organismal level by signaling pathways. It was also discovered that the proteostasis network differentially responds to dissimilar proteotoxic insults by tailoring its response according to the specific challenge that cells encounter. In this mini-review, we delineate the proteostasis-regulating neuronal mechanisms, describe the indications that the proteostasis network differentially responds to distinct proteotoxic challenges, and highlight possible future clinical prospects of these insights
Weakly-Supervised Surgical Phase Recognition
A key element of computer-assisted surgery systems is phase recognition of
surgical videos. Existing phase recognition algorithms require frame-wise
annotation of a large number of videos, which is time and money consuming. In
this work we join concepts of graph segmentation with self-supervised learning
to derive a random-walk solution for per-frame phase prediction. Furthermore,
we utilize within our method two forms of weak supervision: sparse timestamps
or few-shot learning. The proposed algorithm enjoys low complexity and can
operate in lowdata regimes. We validate our method by running experiments with
the public Cholec80 dataset of laparoscopic cholecystectomy videos,
demonstrating promising performance in multiple setups
Thermal Stability of Thin Au Films Deposited on Salt Whiskers
Thin metal films deposited on patterned or rough substrates play an increasing role in microelectronics, sensing, catalysis, and other areas of nanotechnology. However, the thermal stability and solid state dewetting of thin metal films with complex three-dimensional architecture is still poorly understood. In this work we employed a model system of nanocrystalline Au thin films deposited on prismatic single crystalline KCl whiskers to study the solid state dewetting of thin films in a three-dimensional setting. The arrays of KCl whiskers were grown on porous substrates under well-defined humidity and temperature conditions. Single crystalline prismatic KCl whiskers with a very high aspect ratio, [001] axis and {100} side facets were obtained. The whiskers were coated with thin conformal Au films of 20-30 nm in thickness. The annealing of these core-shell whiskers at the temperature of 350oC resulted in solid state dewetting of the Au film, with the dewetting processes occurring much faster along the whisker edges than on the side facets. The orientation relationships between Au and KCl were determined by employing similarly prepared thin Au films deposited on the flat KCl (100) substrates. Inspired by our experimental results, we developed a numerical model describing the curvature-gradient driven and surface diffusion-controlled growth of a hole in the thin film deposited on a curved substrate. The model predicted the growth of anisotropic elliptical holes elongated along the whisker axis. We discuss the experimental results in terms of the proposed model, indicating the importance of the change in orientation relationship between the Au grains and KCl whisker along the whisker edges
Thermal Stability of Thin Au Films Deposited on Salt Whiskers
Thin metal films deposited on patterned or rough substrates play an increasing role in microelectronics, sensing, catalysis, and other areas of nanotechnology. However, the thermal stability and solid state dewetting of thin metal films with complex three-dimensional architecture is still poorly understood. In this work we employed a model system of nanocrystalline Au thin films deposited on prismatic single crystalline KCl whiskers to study the solid state dewetting of thin films in a three-dimensional setting. The arrays of KCl whiskers were grown on porous substrates under well-defined humidity and temperature conditions. Single crystalline prismatic KCl whiskers with a very high aspect ratio, [001] axis and {100} side facets were obtained. The whiskers were coated with thin conformal Au films of 20-30 nm in thickness. The annealing of these core-shell whiskers at the temperature of 350oC resulted in solid state dewetting of the Au film, with the dewetting processes occurring much faster along the whisker edges than on the side facets. The orientation relationships between Au and KCl were determined by employing similarly prepared thin Au films deposited on the flat KCl (100) substrates. Inspired by our experimental results, we developed a numerical model describing the curvature-gradient driven and surface diffusion-controlled growth of a hole in the thin film deposited on a curved substrate. The model predicted the growth of anisotropic elliptical holes elongated along the whisker axis. We discuss the experimental results in terms of the proposed model, indicating the importance of the change in orientation relationship between the Au grains and KCl whisker along the whisker edges
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