Petrophysical Evaluation Using Well Logs 3D Models and Mud Log Hydrocarbon Typing Analysis: Case Study of an Onshore Niger Delta Field

Petrophysical evaluation is essential to the upstream sector of every exploration company in the oil industry because accurate formation evaluation enables reserve development models for uptimal well production and management. The study was carried out on an onshore Niger Delta field using eight wells with the objectives of  identifying possible reservoir units with the potential to contain hydrocarbons, delineate hydrocarbon type(oil and gas), and quantify the identified hydrocarbons for possible viable reservoir development and production using both well logs and mud logs as data sets.  Formation evaluation using fluorescence and hydrocarbon typing/potential (qualitative) of the mud logs revealed oil and gas zones (SMKs 6, 13 and 14) and oil zones (SMK 12) corroborated excellently by quick look well log formation evaluation using Density-Neutron Overlays. Quantitative petrophysical evaluation for all wells was made using models from Wireline/MWD logs of the case study reservoir (SAND_O) to account for delineated hydrocarbon zones and results showed sufficient porosity (0.15 – 0.28), Volume of shale (0 – 0.2%), hydrocarbon saturation (60% to 90%) for possible well development with a STOIIP estimate of about 15MBO (million barrels oil equivalent). Keywords: Petrophysical Evaluation, Fluorescence, Hydrocarbon potential, Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place, Niger Delt

Knowledge of the Glasgow Coma Scale among Physician Interns in a Nigerian Tertiary Health Facility

Background: The Glasgow coma scale (GCS) is the most utilized level of consciousness scale globally. Insufficient working knowledge of the GCS by physicians may contribute to poor outcomes in patients with altered levels of consciousness. Aim: This study aims to assess the knowledge of the GCS among the physician interns, also known as house officers, in a rural tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire‑based survey among physician interns in a rural tertiary hospital in Nigeria. Results: All the 77 respondents graduated from medical school within 2 years of the study. Seventy‑two (93.5%) of the participants had been actively involved in the management of patients at the hospital’s accident and emergency department within a month before the study, while 71.4% had been involved in emergency care outside the accident and emergency department within a month prior. Seventy‑five (97.4%) conceded to having received didactic lectures on the GCS in the course of their medical training. About three‑quarters (74.03%) of the respondents correctly defined GCS as GCS; about 85.7% were able to correctly identify all the clinical variables of the GCS, while only 15.6% could correctly describe and score all the parameters of the grading scale. The eye‑opening response was the most correctly remembered (64.9%), followed by the verbal response (42.9%), while the motor response was remembered by 29.9% of the respondents (P = 0.04). Only 36 (46.8%) participants were aware of any subsequent modification to the original GCS score. Conclusion: The working knowledge of GCS is poor among physician interns surveyed in this study. The clinical variable of the GCS with the highest number of items, the motor response, was the least correctly remembered

Oil Shale

A thermodynamic model is applied to calculate the amount of oil shale ash (OSA), which could be used as raw material in the manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). XRF, XRD and SEM analyses of the materials were carried out, and the thermodynamic properties for pure materials in the CaO-SiO2 system are obtained from literature, database of FACTSAGE and STGE. The main minerals and liquid phase present after blending OSA with cement raw material (employing different blending ratios) at different temperatures indicate that 15 to 20% of OSA would be suitable as clinker material. Temperatures of 1300 and 1400 degrees C can be used for such a blending ratio due to relatively high amount of C3S and C2S. The XRD and SEM of the blend at 1350 degrees C further show that C3S and C2S are the dominant species present. Addition of OSA will definitely lower the clinkering temperature by 50 to 100 degrees C. Thermomechanical analysis for the suggested blend ratio shows that the liquid is formed at temperatures higher than 1150 degrees C.A thermodynamic model is applied to calculate the amount of oil shale ash (OSA), which could be used as raw material in the manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). XRF, XRD and SEM analyses of the materials were carried out, and the thermodynamic properties for pure materials in the CaO-SiO2 system are obtained from literature, database of FACTSAGE and STGE. The main minerals and liquid phase present after blending OSA with cement raw material (employing different blending ratios) at different temperatures indicate that 15 to 20% of OSA would be suitable as clinker material. Temperatures of 1300 and 1400 degrees C can be used for such a blending ratio due to relatively high amount of C3S and C2S. The XRD and SEM of the blend at 1350 degrees C further show that C3S and C2S are the dominant species present. Addition of OSA will definitely lower the clinkering temperature by 50 to 100 degrees C. Thermomechanical analysis for the suggested blend ratio shows that the liquid is formed at temperatures higher than 1150 degrees C