Stencil Nano Lithography Based on a Nanoscale Polymer Shadow Mask: Towards Organic Nanoelectronics

A stencil lithography technique has been developed to fabricate organic-material-based electronic devices with sub-micron resolution. Suspended polymethylmethacrylate ( PMMA) membranes were used as shadow masks for defining organic channels and top electrodes. Arrays of pentacene field effect transistors (FETs) with various channel lengths from 50 mu m down to 500 nm were successfully produced from the same batch using this technique. Electrical transport measurements showed that the electrical contacts of all devices were stable and the normalized contact resistances were much lower than previously studied organic FETs. Scaling effects, originating from the bulk space charge current, were investigated by analyzing the channel-length-dependent mobility and hysteresis behaviors. This novel lithography method provides a reliable means for studying the fundamental transport properties of organic materials at the nanoscale as well as enabling potential applications requiring the fabrication of integrated organic nanoelectronic devices.open1155sciescopu

Experimental chemotherapy of the breast cancer

A review with 82 refs

Atenolol quantification in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography: Application to bioequivalence study

An accurate, precise, and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was developed for the determination of atenolol in human plasma samples to compare the bioavailability of 2 atenolol tablet (50 mg) formulations in 24 volunteers of both sexes. The study had an open, randomized, 2-period crossover design with a 1-week washout period. Plasma samples were obtained over a 24-hour interval. Atenolol concentrations were analyzed by combined reversed phase liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (λEX = 258 nm, λEM = 300 nm). From the atenolol plasma concentration versus time curves, the following pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained: AUC0–24h, AUC0–∞, and Cmax. The geometric mean of test/reference 50-mg tablets individual percent ratio was 102.2% for AUC0–24h, and 101.6% for Cmax. The 90% confidence intervals (CI) were 100.2% to 105.4% and 100.9% to 103.5%, respectively. Since the 90% CI for both Cmax and AUC0–24h were within the 80% to 125% interval proposed by the Food and Drug Administration, it was concluded that atenolol (50-mg tablets) test formulation was bioequivalent to the reference formulation, with regard to both the rate and extent of absorption