Characterization of NOM and its adsorption by iron oxide coated sand (IOCS) using UV and fluorescence spectroscopy

[[abstract]]The removal of natural organic matter (NOM) by adsorption onto iron oxide coated sand (IOCS) can be interpreted based on analysis of the absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the water before and after treatment. The useful spectral parameters include SUVA254, the widths of the benzenoid and electron transfer absorbance bands (WBz, and WET, respectively), the ratio of the absorbance intensities of these two bands (AET/ABz), and the wavelength of the emission maximum (λmaxem). These parameters appear to reflect both the activated aromatic content in the sample and its average molecular weight, and are good indicators of the adsorbability of NOM onto IOCS. A multi-parametric spectroscopic approach for online monitoring of NOM and its reactions can be valuable for both practical treatment studies and for fundamental explorations of NOM reactivity.[[incitationindex]]SCI[[incitationindex]]EI[[booktype]]紙

Repeating boundaries – repertoires of landscape regulations in southern Scandinavia in the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age

Towards the end of the Late Bronze Age, linear boundaries such as enclosed farmsteads, field divisions, and pit zone alignments emerged and gradually permeated the landscapes of southern Scandinavia on multiple scales. This article suggests the concept of a ‘repertoire’ as a way of approaching this phenomenon. The repertoire consisted of different topological operations (e.g. plot definition, demarcation, and enclosure), constructed by different materials (e.g. fences, pit zones, and earthen banks) on different scales (e.g. farmstead, settlement, and landscape). Such linear boundaries were applied as technological solutions to the new social and economic problems that occurred at this time in prehistory. A number of chronological and regional preferences can be demonstrated within this repertoire, and during the Late Bronze Age and Pre-Roman Iron Age, a range of new applications and combinations were developed in a creative exploration of the repertoire of linear boundaries