79 research outputs found

    Performance evaluation of formulated de-emulsifier samples and a commercially available sample in the de-emulsification of a Nigerian crude oil emulsion

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    The de-emulsification of water-in-oil emulsion of Ogharefe crude oil sample was studied by using formulated polyester based de-emulsifier sample A and a commercially available de-emulsifier sample C. The bottle test method was used to screen the de-emulsifier samples using the crude oil emulsion. The performance of the de-emulsifiers was expressed in terms of percentage of water separated from 100 ml samples of emulsions. For both the formulated and commercial deemulsifiers, the performance increased with increased concentration of the de-emulsifiers, separation time and operating temperature. The effect of the operating temperature was much higher and there was a linear relationship (R2 ranging from 0.96 to 0.99) between performance and temperature.The performance of the best of the formulated de-emulsifiers, sample A, was better than that of the commercial de-emulsifier under all the conditions of this study- the volume of water expelled by sample A was 5 times that of the commercial one at 30oC. At 70oC, this ratio increased to 14

    PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF FORMULATED AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DE-EMULSIFIERS

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    The de-emulsification of water-in-oil emulsion of Ogharefe crude oil samples was studied by using formulated polyester based de-emulsifier sample A and a commercially available de-emulsifier sample C. The bottle test method was used to screen the de-emulsifier samples. The performance of the de-emulsifiers was expressed in terms of percentage of water separated from 100 ml samples of emulsions. For both the formulated and commercial de-emulsifiers, the performance increased with increased concentration of the de-emulsifiers, separation time and operating temperature. The effect of the operating temperature was much higher and there was a linear between performance and temperature. The performance of the best of the formulated de-emulsifiers, sample A, was better than that of the commercial de-emulsifier under all the conditions of this study- the volume of water expelled by sample A was 5 times that of the commercial one at 30oC. At 70oC, this ratio increased to 14

    Comparison of the cooling effects of a locally formulated car radiator coolant with water and a commercial coolant

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    The cooling properties of a locally formulated coolant (sample C) vis-a-vis, its boiling characteristics and specific heat capacity were investigated along side with a common coolant-water (as sample A) and a commercial coolant (sample B). The results of the investigation showed that sample C gave the best performance compared to the other two samples A and B: the boiling points of sample C was 1100C, sample A 1000C, and sample B 1010C. This means that the possibility of a boil-out of sample C from the radiator is little compared to samples A and B. Also, for the same quantity of coolant more heat would be required to raise sample C to its boiling point than for samples A and B. In other word, better cooling would be achieved using sample C. The specific heat capacity for sample C was 4238 Jkg-1K-1, which was also a good compromise against samples Abut better than sample B having 4266 Jkg-1K-1 and 4208Jkg-1K-1 respectively

    Comparison of the efficiency of sodium nitrate and superphosphate as nutrients in the bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon polluted water

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    The effect of Aspergillus Niger stimulated with 0.2M sodium nitrate and 0.2M single superphosphate fertilizer (nutrients) was investigated in this study. The ambient temperature averaged 29oC all through the 25 days of the research. The comparison was done using three setups- two samples of the hydrocarbon polluted water were amended with the nutrients and with Aspergillus Niger. The third sample served as control. After twenty five days, it was observed that the sample amended with 0.2M sodium nitrate went through the highest amount of bioremediation: For the total hydrocarbon content, the sample with 0.2M sodium nitrate in it dropped by 78.62% (393 – 84mg/L), the sample with 0.2M superphosphate in it - 72.5% (393 – 108mg/L) and the control sample with the lowest drop of 52.16% (393 – 188mg/L). For the biological oxygen demand, the sample with 0.2M sodium nitrate in it dropped by 71.60% (1832.6 – 520.47), the sample with 0.2M superphosphate in it dropped by 63.37% (1832.6 – 671.3mg/L) and the control sample had the lowest drop of 50.27% (1832.6 – 911.29mg/L). The pH of the samples with nutrients in them were initially acidic but became less acidic with time while the control sample which was initially neutral became more acidic

    Investigating Bio-Diesel Production using Potash from Agricultural Wastes

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    The application of potassium hydroxide (KOH) extracts from four different biomass materials: Water hyacinth, Coconut husk, ripe plantain peels and palm frond in the trans-esterification of two vegetable oils; refined rapeseed and crude jatropha oils has been carried out. Potassium hydroxide obtained from the ash of ripe plantain peels recorded the highest biodiesel conversion with both vegetable oils. The highest percentage conversion obtained with rapeseed oil was 71.01% using 1g of KOH extract from ripe plantain ash at reaction temperature and time of 75oC and 4 hours respectively. Under the same reaction conditions, 1g of commercial caustic potash recorded 70.06% conversion of the rapeseed oil at the same reaction conditions. From the optimized batch process, 97.15% conversion was achieved with crude jatropha oil using 1g caustic potash extract from ripe plantain peels ash; at reaction temperature and time of 83oC and 4 hours respectively. Under the same condition, the conversions of the oils to biodiesel using KOH from coconut husk, palm fronds and water hyacinth recorded low values of; 53.11%, 46.88% and 33.31% respectively. Generally, the percentage conversion increased with both time and temperature of trans-esterification of the vegetable oils using potassium hydroxide extracted from the ash of the agricultural waste materials. Using KOH from ripe plantain peels, the conversion increased from 75.20% at 83oC and 1 hour to 97.15% at 83oC and 4 hours while the conversion increased from 35.18% at 75oC and 1 hour to 95.73% at 75oC and 4 hours. The Potash content recorded per g of the biomass materials investigated was: palm fronds (13.9%), coconut husk (17.5%) water hyacinth (18.9%), and ripe plantain peels (40.1%). These respective amounts represent the total recoverable KOH from the optimized extraction process of the ashes of the four biomass materials, at well defined extraction temperatures of 30 - 50oC and varied times of 1-6 hours as against 100oC (boiling water) and 24 hours employed in the traditional extraction method. The cumulative weights of KOH obtained per g of ash at the different temperatures and times, increased progressively with water volume for the 1st and 2nd stages of extraction (100ml/200ml, 150ml/300ml and 200ml/400ml). The effectiveness in using 400ml water viii in two equal portions in the two stages of KOH extraction was about 9.3% better on the average than using the least volume of 200ml under the same conditions. To attain optimized extraction; 5-10 times the weight of ash is required in water for a given biomass ash extraction on a two- stage basis

    Enhanced Biodegradation of Hydrocarbon Sludge Using Consortium of Microorganisms

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    In this work, the effects of consortium of Microorganisms, Pseudomonas purida, Pseudomonas aeuniguma, Pseudomonas florescence, and Bacillus megaterium, in degrading hydrocarbon sludge from refinery wastes, in Niger Delta area of Nigeria, have been studied. Focus is particularly on reduction of BOD, COD, TOC and ROC of the hydrocarbon sludge to comply with standard requirement for disposal. The organisms were maintained in nutrient agar plants and subculture on weekly basis throughout the period of investigation. Lab-assay method was used to carry out the experiment, i.e, Ex-Situ treatment. The sludge was inoculated with the consortium of Microorganisms and samples were taken for analysis at two week interval for a period of eight weeks. Result shows that, for the duration of investigation, there was 71.3% reduction of the initial BOD, 60.0% reduction of the initial COD, 78.4% reduction of the initial TOC and 78.1 % reduction of the initial ROC. It was noted that given enough time the consortium of Microorganisms has the potential to biodegrade the hydrocarbon sludge to an acceptable level of the Environmental Regulatory Body's standard. The sludge however requires more than eight weeks for the toxic level to be reduced to Regulatory Body's standard. It was also observed that the rate of biodegradation of the sludge by the Microorganisms declined with time

    Extraction and Use of Potassium Hydroxide from Ripe Plantain Peels Ash for Biodiesel Production

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    The extraction of the ash of ripe plantain peels to obtain potassium hydroxide (KOH) and its application in the trans-esterification of refined rapeseed and crude jatropha oils have been investigated. At 30 �C, extraction time 1 hr and volume of 5, 7.5 and 10 ml/g ash, the percentage recovery of KOH progressively increased in the first stage, from 26.05 to 26.20 and then to 30.75% respectively, but decreased in the second stage (extraction of the spent ash from stage 1), from 2.20 to 2.10 and to 1.90% respectively. Same trend was also observed at 40 and 50 �C but cumulatively, KOH values recovered increased relatively with increasing extraction time and temperature. The percentage cumulative recovery of KOH was 40.10% at extracting temperature of 50 �C, extracting volumes 10 ml/g ash and extraction time of 3 hrs while it was 40.00% at 50 �C, 10 ml/g ash and 2 hrs extraction time. The least percentage cumulative recovery of KOH was 28.25% at 30 �C with 5 ml extracting volume/g ash and 1 hr extraction time. The percentage purity of the extracted KOH gave 80.0%. The trans-esterification of the two vegetable oils showed the percentage conversion obtained with rapeseed oil was 71.01% using 1 g of KOH extract from ripe plantain peels ash at reaction temperature and time of 75 �C and 4 hours respectively. Under the same reaction conditions, 1 g of commercial caustic potash recorded 70.06% conversion of the rapeseed oil. From the optimized batch process, 97.15% conversion was achieved with crude jatropha oil using 1 g caustic potash extract from ripe plantain peels ash; at reaction temperature and time of 83 �C and 4 hours respectively

    Extraction and Use of Potassium Hydroxide from Ripe Plantain Peels Ash for Biodiesel Production

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    The extraction of the ash of ripe plantain peels to obtain potassium hydroxide (KOH) and its application in the trans-esterification of refined rapeseed and crude jatropha oils have been investigated. At 30 _C, extraction time 1 hr and volume of 5, 7.5 and 10 ml/g ash, the percentage recovery of KOH progressively increased in the first stage, from 26.05 to 26.20 and then to 30.75% respectively, but decreased in the second stage (extraction of the spent ash from stage 1), from 2.20 to 2.10 and to 1.90% respectively. Same trend was also observed at 40 and 50 _C but cumulatively, KOH values recovered increased relatively with increasing extraction time and temperature. The percentage cumulative recovery of KOH was 40.10% at extracting temperature of 50 _C, extracting volumes 10 ml/g ash and extraction time of 3 hrs while it was 40.00% at 50 _C, 10 ml/g ash and 2 hrs extraction time. The least percentage cumulative recovery of KOH was 28.25% at 30 _C with 5 ml extracting volume/g ash and 1 hr extraction time. The percentage purity of the extracted KOH gave 80.0%. The trans-esterification of the two vegetable oils showed the percentage conversion obtained with rapeseed oil was 71.01% using 1 g of KOH extract from ripe plantain peels ash at reaction temperature and time of 75 _C and 4 hours respectively. Under the same reaction conditions, 1 g of commercial caustic potash recorded 70.06% conversion of the rapeseed oil. From the optimized batch process, 97.15% conversion was achieved with crude jatropha oil using 1 g caustic potash extract from ripe plantain peels ash; at reaction temperature and time of 83 _C and 4 hours respectively

    A Comparative study on Glucose Production from Sorghum Bicolor and Manihot Esculenta Species in Nigeria

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    The two-step enzymatic hydrolysis of Manihot esculenta and Sorghum bicolor using ƒ¿-amylase and amyloglucosidase were studied. The starch substrate were gelatinized at 80oC and then liquefied with the amylase enzyme at a temperature of 90oC. The samples are then cooled to 60oC and saccharified with amyloglucosidase. The effects of temperature and pH on saccharification process were considered. Results indicated that the optimum temperature for the conversion of starch to fermentable sugar (glucose) was at 60oC and the amount of glucose produced after 4 hours in sorghum was greater than that obtained when cassava was used. It was therefore concluded that optimum conditions for the production of glucose from both Manihot esculenta and Sorghum bicolor for bioethanol production are obtained at pH of 4 and saccharification temperature of 60oC, with Sorghum bicolor giving higher yield

    Optimum Hydrolysis Conditions of Cassava Starch for Glucose Production

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    Acid and enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava starch to glucose (fermentable sugar) were investigated and compared. And the effects of acid concentration, pH, temperature and time on the yield of glucose were studied. Experiments were carried out at a temperature range of (60 – 100)0C between 30 minutes and 4 hours. (0.2 – 1.0)M strength of H2SO4 acid was used and pH values range of 4 – 7 was considered during enzymatic hydrolysis. The study revealed that maximum concentration of glucose was obtained at 1000C using 1.0M H2SO4 acid for 4 hours during acid hydrolysis. At pH of 4, temperature of 600C and 4 hours of operation, highest concentration of glucose was obtained during enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzymatic hydrolysis produced higher yield of glucose when compared to that obtained from acid hydrolysis
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