Impact Of Marine Pollution On Human Health

            The greatest threat to the oceans and seas is related to human activities leading to increasing pollution from various sources. This pollution is considered to be the major environmental cause of diseases, responsible for around 9 million premature deaths per year, with a range of direct and indirect consequences for human health. The state of the European seas, including the Black Sea, is considered poor.Purpose: To research the pollution of the Black Sea and its specific pollutants and to analyse and systematise the possible consequences for human health.Material and Methods: The study analysed reports from the European environment agency and the Bulletin of the State of the water in the Black Sea basin management area, as well as publications from the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The primary focus is on the health risks associated with major pollutants in European seas and the Black Sea.Results and discussion: The Helsinki Commission identifies pollutants as hazardous substances that can harm the marine environment. They are toxic, persistent and prone to bioaccumulation. Heavy metals, organotin compounds, harmful synthetic substances, polybrominated diphenyl ether and petroleum products are major pollutants. These substances accumulate in the food chain and represent a potential risk to human health if they reach high levels.Conclusion: The European seas, including the Black Sea, are suffering from severe environmental impacts due to toxic and persistent pollutants. Approximately 91% of the Black Sea is contaminated with toxic metals, industrial chemicals and plastic waste. An integrated approach is needed to tackle these challenges, as well as raising awareness of the risks of marine pollution and human health

Concept of metabotrophins: beginning and prospective growth

Since 2003, we have been focusing on metabotrophic factors (MTF), collectively named metabotrophins (MTs) (from Greek me- tabole – “a change”, and trophe – “nutrition”, means “nutritious for metabolism”). These are signaling proteins which improve glucose, lipid and energy metabolism, also affect positively cardiovascular and cognitive functions. They derived from various tissues, we focused on those secreted by adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. Examples include NGF, BDNF, NT-3, FGF21, GDF11, adiponectin, leptin, irisin, visfatin, meteorin, sirtuin-2, Klotho, etc. The present review highlights the beginning and perspective growth of our concept of a pivotal role of MTs in the pathogenesis and therapy of obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., atherosclerosis, hypertension, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome) and neurometabolic diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis)