Time evolution techniques for detectors in relativistic quantum information

The techniques employed to solve the interaction of a detector and a quantum field typically require perturbation methods. We introduce mathematical techniques to solve the time evolution of an arbitrary number of detectors interacting with a quantum field. Our techniques apply to harmonic oscillator detectors and can be generalized to treat detectors modeled by quantum fields. Since the interaction Hamiltonian we introduce is quadratic in creation and annihilation operators, we are able to draw from continuous variable techniques commonly employed in quantum optics.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure, updated to published version . I. Fuentes previously published as I. Fuentes-Guridi and I. Fuentes-Schulle

Partial International Emission Trading

In a model inspired by the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, non-cooperative countries allocate their emissions to internationally trading and non-trading sectors. Each country is better off with trading than without, and aggregate welfare is maximized with all sectors in the trading scheme. We simulate the effects of expanding the trading scheme in a two-country model with quadratic abatement costs. If only the original trading sector is asymmetric between countries, the welfare change is always positive and the same in both countries. If only the additional trading sector is asymmetric, one country might lose, but there is an aggregate welfare gain. If only the non-trading sector is asymmetric, both countries always gain.International emission trading; EU Emission Trading Scheme

STRENGTH TRAINING FOR POLYMYOSlTIS PATIENT

INTRODUCTlON-This paper is presented for the demonstration of people suffering from polymyositis upon rehabilitation can regain muscular strength and quality of life. This disease usually attacks people reaching the age of 50 years and above with malignancy or as an idiopathic process in its own rights. This is a diffuse inflammatory disease involving asymmetrical wasting of muscular tissue leading to loss of power. In Malaysia, a top soccer player died few years ago because of a disease of this nature. This group of disorder is heterogeneous and rare, its incidence is probably 3 per million population per year in the United Kingdom. METHODS- This experiment looks into the aspect of a strength training program to prevent disuse atrophy and contracture of muscle caused by the nature of this disease. Because of its rarity, only ONE female subject of 57 years of age diagnosed by her physician to be suffering from polymyositis has agreed to go through this strength training program based on the concept of conscious state of contraction. Subject before the strength training program was under prescription of 2 prednisone (steroids) tablets per day. Subject is unable to sit up or perform any personal mobilisation on her own without assistance. This program involves mobilisation of the joints and the subject must be taught to be conscious about the movement as in Imagined Training'(Enoka, 1994). The subject must know that at will the command from the brain centre, will innervate the muscle fibres which leads to the contraction of that specific muscle or joint that will initiate motion. CONCLUSION-The difficulties in this experiment is the ability to concentrate on the contraction of each muscle group because every contraction and relaxation of a muscle are actions series done quite subconsciously. The expression of voluntary strength & power may be likened to a skilled art of which the changes in nervous system that enhance strength is referred as neural adaptation (Sale, 1986). Because of the muscular atrophy, it is rather impossible for the subject to perform compound movement like squatting, presses, etc.. Exercises on the initial phase were joints mobilisation and on the 2nd. month, close kinetic movement like knee extensions were selected. During the 3rd. month, performance of personal movement were profound. This concept of training is highly targeted to the neural system which can help the subject in the mind and muscle connection and the ability to innervate the muscle fibres accordingly. This innervation in return develops a stronger and hypertrophied muscle. REFERENCES- Enoka, R. (1 994). Neurornechanical basis of kinesiology, 2nd. ed. Sale, D.G. (1986). Neural Adaptation in strength and power training. Human Muscle Power, pg. 289

Economics of Managing Invasive Species in Tropical and Sub-Tropical Areas of the U.S.A.: Case Study Development

Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

From tradition to modern: attitudes and applications of guanxi in Chinese entrepreneurship.

Purpose - This article aims to examine one aspect of Chinese culture, guanxi. Guanxi, "special relationships" has long been employed to facilitate business in China. The authors ask whether this is likely to continue in the rapidly changing environment. China's long history of insularity has created a culture and business environment considered to be uniquely based on Confucian values. Yet in the last couple of decades China has opened its doors to globalisation. These forces, in conjunction with what many see as Confucian dynamism of Chinese entrepreneurship, have generated economic growth levels in excess of 11 per cent per annum. This blending of the old and the new raises questions about how practices may be changing. Design/methodology/approach - The authors employed a survey of two groups; middle managers in Hong Kong and young middle class in mainland China. These groups represent the modern, Hong Kong as westernised; the old, but with new perspectives, the affluent middle classes of present day China. Open-ended questions about perceptions of understanding and use of guanxi were asked. Findings - The research finds many contrasts between the respondent groups. The Hong Kong respondents did not really understand guanxi, but still thought it important in China. The mainland group both understood and used guanxi, but similarly to the Hong Kong group, did not like it or enjoy its use. Both groups saw a diminishing application of guanxi as China's regulatory and market environment improves. Originality/value - The paper establishes that guanxi persists and may remain essential in China. However guanxi will work in conjunction with markets and regulations, rather than as a replacement

Profiles in Parole Release and Revocation Idaho

Idaho has had a parole release authority since 1899. Idaho's sentencing framework requires judges to impose a minimum length of incarceration in each felony case; judges may also impose a subsequent indeterminate term of incarceration, during which an inmate may be eligible for parole. Idaho law also imposes mandatory minimum sentences for some crimes. Idaho does not have a sentencing commission or sentencing guidelines