16,349 research outputs found
The use of microencapsulated feeds to replace live food organisms in shrimp hatcheries
Abstract only.An adequate supply of hatchery produced shrimp fry is the major constraint to the intensification and growth of shrimp culture practices. If even 20% of the more than 500,000 ha of the world's existing tropical and sub-tropical brackishwater ponds were to stock at the relatively low density of 50,000 fry/ha/year, it would take thousands of new hatcheries to produce the 25 billion fry required. The availability of artificially produced diets to replace cultured live food organisms would alleviate many of the problems currently limiting shrimp hatchery production by: (i) reducing the level of technical skill required to operate a hatchery; (ii) assuring a reliable supply of a nutritionally balanced larval feed; (iii) reducing sources of contamination and larval disease; and (iv) simplifying hatchery design and capital cost requirements, thereby facilitating small scale hatchery development.
Aquatic farms has been working with the Mars Microencapsulation Research Group (MMRG) to develop techniques for adapting current shrimp hatchery technology and design so that MMRG feeds can be used in existing hatcheries as a live feed replacement. Feeding trials have been conducted in commercial hatcheries in Hawaii, Malaysia and Thailand. The results of these trials and the techniques employed are discussed. Growth and survival of larvae fed microencapsulated diets as total or partial replacement of live foods was comparable to larvae cultured in control tanks using the standard operating procedures of the hatchery in which the trials were conducted. In trials to date, larval survival from nauplii to postlarvae has been as high as 70%
Theoretical Perspectives on Protein Folding
Understanding how monomeric proteins fold under in vitro conditions is
crucial to describing their functions in the cellular context. Significant
advances both in theory and experiments have resulted in a conceptual framework
for describing the folding mechanisms of globular proteins. The experimental
data and theoretical methods have revealed the multifaceted character of
proteins. Proteins exhibit universal features that can be determined using only
the number of amino acid residues (N) and polymer concepts. The sizes of
proteins in the denatured and folded states, cooperativity of the folding
transition, dispersions in the melting temperatures at the residue level, and
time scales of folding are to a large extent determined by N. The consequences
of finite N especially on how individual residues order upon folding depends on
the topology of the folded states. Such intricate details can be predicted
using the Molecular Transfer Model that combines simulations with measured
transfer free energies of protein building blocks from water to the desired
concentration of the denaturant. By watching one molecule fold at a time, using
single molecule methods, the validity of the theoretically anticipated
heterogeneity in the folding routes, and the N-dependent time scales for the
three stages in the approach to the native state have been established. Despite
the successes of theory, of which only a few examples are documented here, we
conclude that much remains to be done to solve the "protein folding problem" in
the broadest sense.Comment: 48 pages, 9 figure
A Versatile Pseudo-Random Noise Generator
A detailed design is presented for a digital pseudo-random noise generator. The instrument is built with standard integrated circuits. It produces both binary noise (pseudo-random binary sequences) and white Gaussian noise of variable bandwidth. By setting front panel switches to match tabulated octal codes, one may select a vast number of independent noise programs
On Waylen's regular axisymmetric similarity solutions
We review the similarity solutions proposed by Waylen for a regular
time-dependent axisymmetric vacuum space-time, and show that the key equation
introduced to solve the invariant surface conditions is related by a Baecklund
transform to a restriction on the similarity variables. We further show that
the vacuum space-times produced via this path automatically possess a (possibly
homothetic) Killing vector, which may be time-like.Comment: 8 pages, LaTeX2
SOUTHERN FARMERS EXPOSURE TO INCOME RISK UNDER THE 1996 FARM BILL
Arguably, since the 1930s, what farmers produced has been markedly influenced by farm programs. The 1996 farm bill affects farmers in terms of what they produce and their level of risk exposure. This paper investigates the farm level impacts of the 1996 farm bill on the South. Focus group perceptions of risk sources, observed acreage changes, and the farm level impact of increased price risk are evaluated.Agricultural and Food Policy, Agricultural Finance,
Strongly coupled plasma with electric and magnetic charges
A number of theoretical and lattice results lead us to believe that
Quark-Gluon Plasma not too far from contains not only electrically
charged quasiparticles -- quarks and gluons -- but magnetically charged ones --
monopoles and dyons -- as well. Although binary systems like charge-monopole
and charge-dyon were considered in details before in both classical and quantum
settings, it is the first study of coexisting electric and magnetic particles
in many-body context. We perform Molecular Dynamics study of strongly coupled
plasmas with particles and different fraction of magnetic charges.
Correlation functions and Kubo formulae lead to such transport properties as
diffusion constant, shear viscosity and electric conductivity: we compare the
first two with empirical data from RHIC experiments as well as results from
AdS/CFT correspondence. We also study a number of collective excitations in
these systems.Comment: 2nd version, 22 pages, 32 figures: two important new figures have
been included to compare our results with RHIC experiments and AdS/CFT
results; a few new references and comments are added as wel
Characterizing the dynamical importance of network nodes and links
The largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of the networks is a key
quantity determining several important dynamical processes on complex networks.
Based on this fact, we present a quantitative, objective characterization of
the dynamical importance of network nodes and links in terms of their effect on
the largest eigenvalue. We show how our characterization of the dynamical
importance of nodes can be affected by degree-degree correlations and network
community structure. We discuss how our characterization can be used to
optimize techniques for controlling certain network dynamical processes and
apply our results to real networks.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure
Higher-order Continuum Approximation for Rarefied Gases
The Hilbert-Chapman-Enskog expansion of the kinetic equations in mean flight
times is believed to be asymptotic rather than convergent. It is therefore
inadvisable to use lower order results to simplify the current approximation as
is done in the traditional Chapman-Enskog procedure, since that is an iterative
method. By avoiding such recycling of lower order results, one obtains
macroscopic equations that are asymptotically equivalent to the ones found in
the Chapman-Enskog approach. The new equations contain higher order terms that
are discarded in the Chapman-Enskog method. These make a significant impact on
the results for such problems as ultrasound propagation. In this paper, it is
shown that these results turn out well with relatively little complication when
the expansions are carried to second order in the mean free time, for the
example of the relaxation or BGK model of kinetic theory.Comment: 20 pages, 2 figures, RevTeX 4 macro
- …