Variáveis Condicionantes do Processo de Produção Científica dos Centros de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Embrapa

A produção científica de três centros de pesquisa da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) foi aferida objetivando verificar a relação entre produtividade científica, considerada variável dependente, e algumas variáveis independentes de natureza estrutural e não-estrutural. Um questionário foi enviado a 763 pesquisadores, representando 100% do universo de pesquisadores dos: Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados (CPAC), Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Semi-Árido (CPATSA), e do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Trópico Úmido (CPATU), havendo um retorno de 117 respostas (71,7%). A análise dos dados permitiu concluir que as variáveis independentes: a faixa etária, a qualificação acadêmica, o tempo de titularidade, o tempo efetivo na pesquisa, o grau de domínio (total ou  parcial) do idioma inglês, o número de assinaturas pessoais de periódicos científicos e a participação em associações científicas no Brasil foram fatores condicionantes ao processo da produção científica. O estilo de administração e a autonomia, considerados como variáveis independentes de natureza estrutural, interferiram na produtividade dos pesquisadores, porém em magnitudes reduzidas. Conditional variables of the scientific production process of the agricultural research centers of embrapa Abstract The scientific production at the agricultural research centers of Embrapa was described in order to verify the relationship between scientific productivity and some independent variables. A questionary was sent to 163 researchers (100%) in three agricultural research centers of Embrapa with 71,7% of return rate (117 individual responding): from the Cerrados Agricultural and Cattle Raising Research Center (CPAC), located in Planaltina, Federal District (Center-West Region) replied 35 researchers; from the Semiarid Tropical Agricultural and Cattle Raising Research Center (CPATSA), located in Petrolina, PE (Northeast Region) replied 31 researchers and from the Humid Tropical Agricultural and Cattle Raising Research Center (CPATU), located in Belém, PA (North Region) replied 51 researchers. Data from the scientific production, a dependent variable, was crossed with the independent variables: the increase of age, academic qualification, time of qualification, time spent on research, the understanding (total or partial) of the English language, personal journals subscriptions and affiliation with scientific associations in Brazil were determinant factors on the process of scientific production. On the other hand, it was found that administrative style did not play a significant role on the process of the scientific productivity

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

Impunidade no Brasil: Colônia e Império

A IMPUNIDADE está no centro do debate político brasileiro. Um olhar retrospectivo para a história do Brasil, tendo como referência a aplicação da pena de morte para delitos comuns (em contraposição a delitos políticos, militares e religiosos), a partir de documentos legais e do relato de historiadores, cronistas e viajantes, mostra que a impunidade sempre esteve na ordem do dia. A despeito da violência repressiva, marcante em diversos momentos, a ausência de efetividade do direito penal tal como escrito, seja pela prática do perdão, seja pela falta de vontade política, seja pela dificuldade de meios, é uma constante nos períodos colonial e imperial.<br>IMPUNITY is at the core of the Brazilian political debate. A retrospective look at legal documents and accounts by historians, travelers and chroniclers for references to the application of the death penalty for common crimes (as opposed to political, military and religious offenses) shows that impunity has always been the order of the day in the history of Brazil. Despite the repressive violence, evident at several moments, a constant feature of both Colonial and Imperial periods was the ineffectiveness of the penal law as it was written, made so either by the granting of pardons, the lack of political will or by practical impediments

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.13Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt