Fast learning rates in statistical inference through aggregation

We develop minimax optimal risk bounds for the general learning task consisting in predicting as well as the best function in a reference set $\mathcal{G}$ up to the smallest possible additive term, called the convergence rate. When the reference set is finite and when $n$ denotes the size of the training data, we provide minimax convergence rates of the form $C(\frac{\log|\mathcal{G}|}{n})^v$ with tight evaluation of the positive constant $C$ and with exact $0<v\le1$, the latter value depending on the convexity of the loss function and on the level of noise in the output distribution. The risk upper bounds are based on a sequential randomized algorithm, which at each step concentrates on functions having both low risk and low variance with respect to the previous step prediction function. Our analysis puts forward the links between the probabilistic and worst-case viewpoints, and allows to obtain risk bounds unachievable with the standard statistical learning approach. One of the key ideas of this work is to use probabilistic inequalities with respect to appropriate (Gibbs) distributions on the prediction function space instead of using them with respect to the distribution generating the data. The risk lower bounds are based on refinements of the Assouad lemma taking particularly into account the properties of the loss function. Our key example to illustrate the upper and lower bounds is to consider the $L_q$-regression setting for which an exhaustive analysis of the convergence rates is given while $q$ ranges in $[1;+\infty[$.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/08-AOS623 the Annals of Statistics (http://www.imstat.org/aos/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Efeito da umidade do solo na biologia de Rhopalosiphum maidis (FITCH, 1856) (Hemiptera: aphididae) em milho.

O efeito da umidade do solo na biologia de Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) em plantas de milho (Zea mays) foi avaliado em casa de vegetação. Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (20%, 40% e 100% de rotação hídrica) e quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela experimental constituída por um vaso de polietileno de cinco litros contendo duas plantas de milho no estádio fenológico três e com dez pulgões adultos confinados em microgaiolas de 10 mm de altura por 10 mm de diâmetro (cinco pulgões/microgaiola/planta), perfazendo um total de 40 pulgões/tratamento. As variáveis biológicas do pulgão estudadas foram: a duração de cada instar, dos períodos pré-reprodutivo, pós-reprodutivo e reprodutivo, a produção diária, total de ninfas e de alados e o ciclo de vida de R. maidis. Houve efeito da umidade do solo onde estavam as plantas de milho, tanto na duração do desenvolvimento dos pulgões, em cada um dos quatro ínstares, quanto na duração da fase ninfal, sendo que os pulgões que se desenvolveram em plantas de milho com défice de água de 80% completaram os estádios ninfais num menor período. De igual forma, o período reprodutivo e a longevidade dos adultos foram mais curtos nos pulgões que se desenvolveram em plantas de milho em solo com 20% da capacidade de campo. Porém, não houve efeito dos tratamentos na duração do período pós-reprodutivo. Por outro lado, adultos de pulgões que se desenvolveram nas plantas em solo com 20% da água necessária produziram a primeira ninfa num menor período do que os desenvolvidos nas plantas que receberam 40% de água na capacidade de campo. Pulgões cuja fase jovem ocorreu em plantas de milho sob estresse hídrico de 80% desapareceram mais rapidamente do que aqueles desenvolvidos em plantas sob regime de estresse hídrico de 60%. Esses resultados indicam que o manejo da água no milho pode ser uma estratégia no controle de fatores naturais que afetam tanto a população como o número de gerações do pulgão no ambiente, podendo reduzir a necessidade do controle químico

MPGDs in Compton imaging with liquid-xenon

The interaction of radiation with liquid xenon, inducing both scintillation and ionization signals, is of particular interest for Compton-sequences reconstruction. We report on the development and recent results of a liquid-xenon time-projection chamber, dedicated to a novel nuclear imaging technique named "3 gamma imaging". In a first prototype, the scintillation is detected by a vacuum photomultiplier tube and the charges are collected with a MICROMEGAS structure; both are fully immersed in liquid xenon. In view of the final large-area detector, and with the aim of minimizing dead-zones, we are investigating a gaseous photomultiplier for recording the UV scintillation photons. The prototype concept is presented as well as preliminary results in liquid xenon. We also present soft x-rays test results of a gaseous photomultiplier prototype made of a double Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) at normal temperature and pressure conditions.Comment: presented at MPGD09, CRETE, June 2009; to be published in JINST Proceedings, PDF, 10 pages, 11 figure

Correlation between processing parameters and mechanical properties as a function of substrate polarisation and depth in a nitrided 316 L stainless steel using nanoindentation and scanning force microscopy

The effects of substrate polarisation in a nitrided 316L stainless steel have been investigated in an attempt to accurately correlate processing parameters with surface mechanical properties. Nanoindentation allows the Vickers hardness to be measured at precise depths, meaning that the variation in properties with nitriding depth can be evaluated and correlated with the process parameters. By combining such measurements with surface imaging techniques (scanning force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and electron probe micro-analysis, it is possible to explain both the mechanical property and microstructural variations of such layers, having been produced in a low pressure arc plasma discharge at 680 K with a mixed Ar-N2 gas. In this study the nanoindentation technique is presented as a new and valid method for the characterisation of nitrided layers, shown by hardness measurements on four nitrided layers produced with different substrate polarisation potentials. The net advantages of such an approach over conventional methods (e.g. microhardness testing) and the possibility of analysing microstructural phases previously not well detected by X-ray diffraction, make nanoindentation an attractive tool for a more complete understanding of the nitriding process

On the influence of the cosmological constant on gravitational lensing in small systems

The cosmological constant Lambda affects gravitational lensing phenomena. The contribution of Lambda to the observable angular positions of multiple images and to their amplification and time delay is here computed through a study in the weak deflection limit of the equations of motion in the Schwarzschild-de Sitter metric. Due to Lambda the unresolved images are slightly demagnified, the radius of the Einstein ring decreases and the time delay increases. The effect is however negligible for near lenses. In the case of null cosmological constant, we provide some updated results on lensing by a Schwarzschild black hole.Comment: 8 pages, 1 figure; v2: extended discussion on the lens equation, references added, results unchanged, in press on PR

A simple and versatile 2-dimensional platform to study plant germination and growth under controlled humidity

We describe a simple, inexpensive, but remarkably versatile and controlled growth environment for the observation of plant germination and seedling root growth on a flat, horizontal surface over periods of weeks. The setup provides to each plant a controlled humidity (between 56% and 91% RH), and contact with both nutrients and atmosphere. The flat and horizontal geometry of the surface supporting the roots eliminates the gravitropic bias on their development and facilitates the imaging of the entire root system. Experiments can be setup under sterile conditions and then transferred to a non-sterile environment. The system can be assembled in 1-2 minutes, costs approximately 8.78$per plant, is almost entirely reusable (0.43$ per experiment in disposables), and is easily scalable to a variety of plants. We demonstrate the performance of the system by germinating, growing, and imaging Wheat (Triticum aestivum), Corn (Zea mays), and Wisconsin Fast Plants (Brassica rapa). Germination rates were close to those expected for optimal conditions