Development of an in vitro assay to screen Agathis australis (kauri) for resistance to Phytophthora agathidicida : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand

The iconic Agathis australis (kauri) of New Zealand, is under serious threat from kauri dieback disease caused by the soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. Infected kauri express symptoms of root and collar rot, bleeding resins at the base of the trunk, yellowing of foliage, canopy thinning, and tree mortality. Phytophthora agathidicida was first associated with kauri decline in 1972, where it was initially identified as P. heveae however, there was some uncertainty about its significance and taxonomy. The pathogen was officially identified as a new organism in 2008 and was called Phytophthora taxon Agathis until its formal description as Phytophthora agathidicida in 2015. This pathogen is easily vectored through root to root contact and mobile zoospores. Management and research has focused on mapping pathogen distribution, reducing spread, improving detection, ex situ conservation and clonal production using tissue culture techniques. In order to gain better understanding of the disease epidemiology and to develop better breeding programmes, a reliable in vitro resistance screening assay is required. This research focused on the development of a screening assay using detached leaves from tissue culture material as a means of accelerating screening assays compared to the more labour-intensive root inoculation assays. Foliar inoculations and assessment techniques were initially optimised on kauri leaves from tissue culture lines. The most successful inoculation method involved placing P. agathidicida-colonised agar plugs on wounded detached leaves. The assay was further tested on 2 year old kauri seedlings. Variation in susceptibility across kauri genotypes and leaf age, and variation in virulence among P. agathidicida isolates was observed. To further investigate the impact of leaf age on lesion extension, an assay was conducted on detached leaves from six rooted kauri saplings over 5 years of age, across three leaf age groups with P. agathidicida, P. multivora, and P. cinnamomi. Variation in virulence among these Phytophthora species was observed. Leaf necrosis was most severe with young tissue and susceptibility tended to decrease with increasing leaf age. Preliminary studies with 50 kauri clones identified different levels of susceptibility and tolerance across the different genotypes to P. agathidicida. The methods developed within this study have increased our understanding of the overall response of kauri to P. agathidicida foliar inoculations. This study demonstrated variation in the susceptability of kauri foliage to Phytophthora inoculation, although no complete resistance was observed. Further work is required to determine if there is a relationship between root and leaf responses which will help establish if in vitro genotypic variation can accurately predict natural genotypic variation seen within kauri forests

ECONOMIC CONDITION OF POST TIN MINING (CASE STUDY ON BANGKA BELITUNG ISLAND AS ONE OF THE LARGEST TIN PRODUCERS IN THE WORLD)

This study aims to determine the effect of economic conditions of the Bangka Belitung island on the level of public purchasing power and the active role of local government policy when the natural resources of tin that can be produced by the public is very minimal. Along with the passage of time, the economic growth of Bangka Belitung has decreased even though there is still non-tin potential in the form of plantation and fishery. The research instrument in the form of questionnaires was used to 40 respondents. The data analysis used is the analysis of frequency descriptive and factor analysis to process the data that have been collected. The result of data analysis shows that the variable of public purchasing power and active role of dominant government have medium category (57,5% and 52,5%) whereas factor of public purchasing power and active role of society have value 67,593% in explaining economic condition of post tin mining

Echo Class Yearbook 1983-1984

The 1983-1984, Echo Prescott, Arizonahttps://commons.erau.edu/echo-yearbooks/1002/thumbnail.jp

Echo Class Yearbook 1982-1983

The 1982-1983, Echo Prescott, Arizonahttps://commons.erau.edu/echo-yearbooks/1001/thumbnail.jp

Criteria, Anthology, and Explication of Poetry for First Grade

In recognition of this multi-faceted problem of selecting poems to use with first grade, it is the purpose of this study (1) to establish criteria of evaluation and selection, relating that criteria to the bases of poetry criticism, (2) using that criteria, to compile an anthology for use with first grade, and (3) to explicate each of the selected poems in such a manner as to help the teacher better understand and appreciate the particular poetic qualities of that poem, and hence be more effective in using that poem in the classroom

On the Wings of My Fathers

This devotional address was given to the BYU student body on August 7, 2007

Indigenous Communities and Evidence Building

Indigenous populations in the U.S. and Pacific Islands are underrepresented in mental health and substance abuse research, are underserved, and have limited access to mainstream providers. Often, they receive care that is low quality and culturally inappropriate, resulting in compromised service outcomes. The First Nations Behavioral Health Association (U.S.) and the Pacific Substance Abuse and Mental Health Collaborating Council (Pacific Jurisdictions), have developed a Compendium of Best Practices for American Indian/Alaska Native and Pacific Island Populations. The private and public sector’s increasing reliance on evidence-based practices (EBP) leaves many Indigenous commu- nities at a disadvantage. For example, funding sources may require the use of EBP without awareness of its cultural usefulness to the local Indigenous population. Indigenous communities are then faced with having to select an EBP that is rooted in non-native social and cultural contexts with no known effectiveness in an Indigenous community. The field of cultural competence has tried to influence mainstream research, and the escalating requirement of EBP use. These efforts have given rise to the practice-based evidence (PBE) and the community-defined evidence (CDE) fields. All of these efforts, ranging from evidence-based practice to community-defined evidence, have a shared goal: practice improvement

CUSTOMER LOYALTY MODEL: CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AS INTERVENING VARIABLE

This study aims to test the research model of Brand Image and Product Quality on Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction. The population of this study is the customers who have Xiaomi smartphone product in Pangkalpinang City, Indonesia. The quota sampling method of 120 respondents is taken in this study. The method of analysis used in this study is path analysis. The results of this study indicate that Product Quality and Brand Image directly influence Customer Loyalty and also influence indirectly through Customer Satisfaction

Reading comprehension component skills of Chinese-speaking ESL and EFL learners

This research compared the contributions of lexical inferencing, decoding, and listening comprehension to reading comprehension in Chinese-speaking learners of English as a second language (ESL) enrolled in university bridging programs in the U.S. and Chinese-speaking university learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) in mainland China. The findings suggested that the contributions of these three reading component skills differed in ESL and EFL contexts: In the ESL context, both second language (L2) lexical inferencing and L2 decoding were significant predictors of L2 reading comprehension, but L2 listening comprehension did not correlate with L2 reading comprehension. In the EFL context, L2 lexical inferencing was the only significant predictor of L2 reading comprehension. Thus, it appears that the Simple View Reading (decoding + listening comprehension = reading comprehension) is not applicable to Chinese-speaking adult learners of L2 English because learners in both ESL and EFL contexts rely on word-level reading subskills