Effect of a tree tonic on pine tree vitalities (1)

A tree tonic, which was the powder composed of seven kinds of herb medicines, rice brain, soybean, rice, pearl barley and etc., was exploited and its effectiveness on recovering or maintaining the vitality of trees was examined by the field treatment at seven pine (Pinus densiflora and P. thunbergii) stands in Hiroshima and Yamaguchi Prefectures. The tonic solution was injected into the soil at 6-90 points just around each trunk of about 3,700 pine trees (treatment trees). One year later their vitality, which was evaluated by the leaf longevity and divided into eleven grades, was measured again as same as just before the treatment. The average mortality of the treatment trees was only 0.8(nil)er year, while 17.10f non-treatment, i. e., control 4,700 trees, which were adjacent to the treatment trees, died during the year. The vitality of treatment trees became up on an average rather more than before treatment. The facts suggest remarkable effects of the tonic on the vitality of trees

Effect of feeding by Monochamus alternatus on pine tree vitality : (1) A case of Japanese black pine seedlings in the pots

Two, four and six individuals of the vector (Monochamus alternatus) of pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were placed into their own respective frames for four weeks (July 11 to August 6,1996), and covered with sheets of white nylon netting in order to prevent escape at the experimental farm of Hiroshima University in Higashi-Hiroshima, west Japan. The feeding effect of the vectors on 40 Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) seedlings in pots placed in each frame was then traced during four months (August to November, 1996). The area and numbers of feeding scars on the seedlings increased with the increase of the individual numbers of vectors in the frame. Sixty-Seven of 120 seedlings in the three frames were fed on by the vectors. However, none of these 67 died even though the vectors had about 3,000 nemotoda on average. This suggests that the damage killing pine seedlings is not caused by the feeding of vectors even in a population density of 2∿6 individuals/21.6m^2 employed in the study, which may be higher than that in the field

Effect of feeding by Monochumus alternatus on pine tree vitality : (2) A case of natural young Japanese red pine stands under different air pollution levels

Six and nine individuals of the vector (Moncochamus alternatus) of pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were placed into their own respective frames, which were covered with sheets of white nylon netting in order to prevent escape, for one month (June 24 to July 23,1998) at both natural young Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) stands located at Hachihonmatsu in Higashi-Hiroshima and Fukutomi-cho in Hiroshima Pref., where the air pollution levels were different from each other. The feeding effect of the vectors on was then traced in the field during 10 months (June 1998 to March 1999). Sixty-four of 67 trees in the four frames at the both stands, into which six or nine vectors were placed, were fed on by the vectors. However, only one of these 64 died in the frame of nine vectors at Hachihonmatsu site under heavy air pollution, even though the vectors has about 4,000 nemotode on average. No nematode could be found out in the most hardly fed pine tree in each frame, including dead pine tree. This suggests that the damage killing young pine trees is not caused by the feeding of vectors even in a population density of 6-9 individuals/25m^2 employed in the study, which may be extremely higher than that in the field

Effect of a tree tonic on pine tree vitalities (2) Evaluation for pine seedlings in pots

Effect of a tree tonic, which was the powder composed of several kinds of herbal medicines and rice bran etc., on the vitality, biomass increment and relative growth rate of sixty seedlings of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) grown in pots was examined at the experimental farm of Hiroshima University from March to November in 1994.0,1,000 and 3,000 individuals of pinewood nematode were injected into each ten seedlings both treated with and without the tree tonic, respectively. The vitality of seedlings with the tree tonic became up while that without it changed little, regardless of the number of nematoda injected. Biomass increment was significantly larger in seedlings with the tree tonic than in those without it. Mean weight of individuals of seedlings with the tree tonic were evaluated to grow up about twice as large as those without it one year after planting seedlings in pots, based on the data of relative growth rate obtained in both seedlings with and without tree tonic treatments. There was a little difference in the mean relative growth rate over the experimental period between seedlings injected with 0 and 1000-3000 nematoda. However, in the case of seedlings without tree tonic, the relative growth rate of seedlings injected with 1000 or 3000 nematoda became down significantly more than those without nematode at two or three months after nematode injection. The facts suggest that the tree tonic significantly increases the vitality and biomass increment of black pine seedlings, and suppresses the negative effect of nematode invasion

Comparison between swimming in clothes and swimming in swimming wear in view of physical and physiological exercise intensity in a group of children. <Articles>

軽装時の児童の水辺事故防止の観点から, Tシャツだけ及びTシャツ+長ズボンを着用した着衣泳と水着泳の間で, 泳速, ストローク頻度とストローク長, 及び心拍数を比較検討した。10名の児童を対象に, クロール, 平泳及び背泳の3泳法で25mを全力で泳がせた。その結果, 次の結論を得た。 ①クロールは水着の場合3泳法中最も速い0.69m/秒の泳速を示した。水着泳に対する着衣泳の泳速はTシャツ泳で12.2%(P<0.05), Tシャツ+長ズボン泳で26.7%(P<0.01)低下した。 ②背泳は水着の場合3泳法中最も遅い0.49m/秒の泳速を示した。水着泳に対する着衣泳の泳速はTシャツ泳で2.3%, Tシャツ+長ズボン泳で24.5%(P<0.001)低下した。 ③平泳は水着の場合3泳法中第2位の0.58m/秒の泳速を示した。水着泳に対する着衣泳の泳速はTシャツ泳で5.9%, Tシャツ+長ズボン泳で12.7%(P<0.01)低下した。 ④Tシャツ泳の泳速はクロール, 平泳, 背泳の順に高かった。Tシャツ+長ズボン泳の泳速はクロールと平泳の間に差はなかったが, 背泳はこれらより遅かった。 ⑤着衣泳の泳速の低下はクロールではストローク頻度の影響が大きく, 平泳ではストローク長の影響が大きく, 背泳では両者が影響した。 ⑥生理的運動強度としての心拍数はどの泳法においても150拍/分前後であり, 着衣泳と水着泳の間に差はなかった。The comparison of the effect of swimming in swimming wear and swimming in T-shirts or in T-shirts and pants to the swimming speed, frequency and length of strokes, and heart rate was made with a view to preventing children from drowning accidents. Ten children were allowed to devote all their energy to swim a span of 25m with the front crawl stroke, the breast stroke and the back crawl stroke. The results were as follows: (1) The front crawl stroke in swimming wear showed the fastest swimming speed of 0.69 m/s among the three swimming strokes. The swimming speed in T-shirts and in T-shirts and pants were 12.2% (p<0.05) and 26.7% (p<0.01) lower than that in swimming wear, respectively. (2) The back crawl stroke in swimming wear showed the slowest swimming speed of 0.49 m/s among the three swimming strokes. The swimming speed in T-shirts and in T-shirts and pants were 2.3% and 24.5% (p<0.001) lower than that in swimming wear, respectively. (3) The breast stroke in swimming wear showed the second swimming speed of 0.58 m/s among the three swimming strokes. The swimming speed in T-shirts and in T-shirts and pants were 5.9% and 12.7% (p<0.01) lower than that in the swimming wear, respectively. (4) In T-shirts, the descending order of the swimming speed were from the front crawl stroke to the breast stroke and the back crawl stroke. In swimming speed in T-shirts and pants, there was no difference between the front crawl stroke and the breast stroke, but the back crawl stroke was lower than those two strokes. (5) The declining tendency of swimming speed in clothes was remarkably affected by the frequency of stroke in the front crawl stroke, by the length of stroke in the breast stroke, and by both factors in the back crawl stroke. (6) The heart rate registered around 150 beats/min in any stroke. No major difference was noticed between swimming in clothes and swimming in swimming wear