The Odd 2D Bubbles, 4D Triangles, and Einstein and Weyl Anomalies in 2D Gravitational Fermionic amplitudes: The Role of Breaking Integration Linearity for Anomalies

We investigated Relations Among Green Functions defined in an alternative strategy for coping with the divergences, also called the Implicit Regularization Method (IREG): the mathematical content (divergent and finite) will remain intact until the calculations end. The divergent part will be organized through standardized objects free of physical quantities. In contrast, the finite part is projected in a class of well-behaved functions that carry all the amplitudes' physical content. That relations arise in fermionic amplitudes in even space-time dimensions, where anomalous tensors connect to finite amplitudes as in the bubbles and triangles in two and four dimensions. Those tensors depend on surface terms, whose non-zero values arise from finite amplitudes as requirements of consistency with the linearity of integration and uniqueness. Maintaining these terms implies breaking momentum-space homogeneity and, in a later step, the Ward identities. Meanwhile, eliminating them allows more than one mathematical expression for the same amplitude. That is a consequence of choices related to the involved Dirac traces. Independently of divergences, it is impossible to satisfy all symmetry implications by simultaneously requiring vanishing surface terms and linearity. Then we approach the 1-loop level fermionic correction for the propagation of the graviton in a space-time D=1+1 through the action of a Weyl fermion in curved space-time. In this context, gravitational anomalies arise, and the amplitudes investigated have the highest degree of divergence quadratic. That imposes a substantial algebraic effort; however, the conclusions are in agreement with the non-gravitational amplitudes. At the end of the calculations, we show how it is possible to fix the value of the divergent part through the relations imposed for amplitudes.Comment: Phd Thesis (April/2023). 173 pages, 5 figures, 3 table

Biology and pathogenesis of Staphylococcus infection

Editorial, abstract not availabl

Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: a minireview.

Captive reptiles, always more often present in domestic environment as pets, may harbor and excrete a large variety of zoonotic pathogens. Among them, Salmonella is the most well-known agent, whereas there are very scant data about infections by mycobacteria, chlamydiae and leptospirae in cold-blooded animals. However, the investigations that found antibody reactions and/or the bacteria in samples collected from free-ranging and captive reptiles show that herpetofauna may be involved in the epidemiology of these infections. The present review reports the updated knowledge about salmonellosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydiosis and leptospirosis in reptiles and underlines the risk of infection to which people, mainly children, are exposed

Retrospective study on the occurrence of antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in dogs from central Italy

Coxiella burnetii, a cause of infection in humans and several animal species, is transmitted through inhalations and oral route but also tick bites. Its spreading in ruminants has been largely investigated, whereas data about the occurrence of this infection in canine population are scanty. In this retrospective study, blood serum samples of 516 dogs were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against C. burnetii; 42 (8.13%) were positive with titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. The highest seroprevalences were detected in dogs aged > 5 years, employed in hunting activity and living in a peri-urban/rural environment. Diagnosis for C. burnetii infection should be always carried out in bitches with reproductive disorders. Moreover, in view of the zoonotic impact of this infection, asymptomatic dogs exposed to ticks’ bites and/or to contact with infected farm animals should be checked, too

Use of essential oils in veterinary medicine to combat bacterial and fungal infections

Essential oils (EOs) are secondary metabolites of plants employed in folk medicine for a long time thanks to their multiple properties. In the last years, their use has been introduced in veterinary medicine, too. The study of the antibacterial properties of EOs is of increasing interest, because therapies with alternative drugs are welcome to combat infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains. Other issues could be resolved by EOs employment, such as the presence of antibiotic residues in food of animal origin and in environment. Although the in vitro antimicrobial activity of EOs has been frequently demonstrated in studies carried out on bacterial and fungal strains of different origins, there is a lack of information about their effectiveness in treating infections in animals. The scientific literature reports some studies about in vitro EOs’ activity against animal clinical bacterial and fungal isolates, but in vivo studies are very scanty. The use of EOs in therapy of companion and farm animals should follow careful studies on the toxicity of these natural products in relation to animal species and route of administration. Moreover, considering the different behavior of EOs in relation to both species and strain pathogen, before starting a therapy, an aromatogram should be executed to choose the oil with the best antimicrobial activity

Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria in a veterinary perspective

The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported

Potential role of avian populations in the epidemiology of Rickettsia spp. and Babesia spp.

Birds often are carriers of hard and/or soft ticks harboring pathogens of humans and veterinary concern. Migratory avian species, which cover long distance by their flight, may deeply influence the ticks’ distribution worldwide; in particular, they can introduce in a given geographic area new tick species and related tick‐borne pathogens. Studies about the detection of tick‐borne agents in birds are not numerous, whereas more attention has been turned to the presence of these microorganisms in ticks carried by birds. The present review focused on the role of avian populations in the epidemiology of rickettsioses and babesioses, which represent two severe problems for the health of humans and other mammals. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

Biological activity of essential oils

Editorial, abstract not availabl

Virulence and antimicrobial resistance in canine staphylococcus spp. Isolates

Dogs are reservoirs of different Staphylococcus species, but at the same time, they could develop several clinical forms caused by these bacteria. The aim of the present investigation was to characterize 50 clinical Staphylococcus isolates cultured from sick dogs. Bacterial species determina-tion, hemolysins, protease, lipase, gelatinase, slime, and biofilm production, presence of virulence genes (lukS/F-PV, eta, etb, tsst, icaA, and icaD), methicillin resistance, and antimicrobial resistance were investigated. Most isolates (52%) were Staphylococcus pseudointermedius, but 20% and 8% be-longed to Staphylococcus xylosus and Staphylococcus chromogenes, respectively. Gelatinase, biofilm, and slime production were very common characters among the investigated strains with 80%, 86%, and 76% positive isolates, respectively. Virulence genes were detected in a very small number of the tested strains. A percentage of 14% of isolates were mecA-positive and phenotypically-resistant to methicillin. Multi-drug resistance was detected in 76% of tested staphylococci; in particular, high levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin, amoxicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. In conclusion, although staphylococci are considered to be opportunistic bacteria, the obtained data showed that dogs may be infected by Staphylococcus strains with important virulence characteristics and a high antimicrobial resistance

Serological evidence of exposure to zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Introduction and objective. Previous studies on tick-borne pathogens in the avian population have focused mainly on the detection of the agents in ticks collected from birds, but data about the presence of tick-borne bacteria in these animals are scant. The aim of the presented study was to verify the exposure to some zoonotic tick-borne bacteria, in particular, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii, and the Rickettsia species of the Spotted Fever Group (SFG), in pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) living in a central Italy area, characterized by conditions favourable for the diffusion of the ticks. Materials and method. Blood serum samples from 276 farm-reared pheasants were examined by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test to detect antibodies against the 4 reported pathogens. Results. A total of 124 (44.92%) birds resulted as seropositive: in particular 3 (1.08%) to C. burnetii, 31 (11.23%) to A. phagocytophilum, 46 (16.67%) to B. burgdorferi s.l., 49 (17.75%) to SFG Rickettsia spp. antigens. Three pheasants resulted positive both to A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. antigens, whereas 2 – both to B. burgdorferi s.l. and SFG Rickettsia spp. antigens. The antibody titers varied from 1:40–1:320. Conclusions. The obtained results show that the pheasants had developed antibodies to the investigated tick-borne agents. For this reason, they seem to be involved in the epidemiology of the studied tick-borne bacteria