GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF INCEPTISOLS FORMED ON THE SLATE PARENT MATERIAL UNDER FOREST VEGETATION

Inceptisols are most extensive soils in this region. These soils are under forest vegetation. Ten soil profiles were selected in this research. The some important physical, chemical and morphological properties were investigated and classified according to USDA Soil Taxonomy

GENESIS AND CLASSIFICATION OF INCEPTISOLS FORMED ON THE SLATE PARENT MATERIAL UNDER FOREST VEGETATION

Inceptisols are most extensive soils in this region. These soils are under forest vegetation. Ten soil profiles were selected in this research. The some important physical, chemical and morphological properties were investigated and classified according to USDA Soil Taxonomy

CLASSIFICATION OF GREAT SOIL GROUPS IN THE EAST BLACK SEA BASIN ACCORDING TO INTERNATIONAL SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS

This study was carried out to classify great soil groups in the East Black Sea basin according to international soil classifi cation systems. 13 profi les of 3 great soil groups in this basin have been investigated and classifi ed according to system of FAO/UNESCO (1990), FitzPatrick (1988) and USDA Soil Taxonomy (1998) in this study

The land degradation problem and its effects on ecology in the densely populated region of Turkey

Bursa province is situated between latitudes of 39degrees 35'-40degrees 40'N and longitudes of 28degrees 10'-30degrees 00' E in the northwest of Turkey, and has a very fertile plain in its northern part. The province has 1.104.301 ha area. The hilly topography occupies 35% of the province, which lies east to west direction. The plain also comprises 17% of the region that is misused by the industrialization and urbanization. Land degradation has been expanding rapidly last two decades in the Bursa province. The increase of human activities such as deforestation, cultivation, industrialization, urbanization, and pollution of the surface water resources has accelerated the land degradation. Especially, demographic changes and migration have led to great urbanization and industrial development of the province that affected the agricultural lands negatively. The increase in urban areas has been occurred mainly in the agricultural lands, which have land capability classes I, II, III, and IV of the plain. The causes of soil degradation and possible measures that could be taken against all these problems have been discussed in this paper

Pedogenesis and characteristics of the Terra rossas developed on different physiographic position and their classification

Terra Rossas occur in the eastern part of the Bursa plain, Turkey. The region is covered by large forests growing on Terra Rossa soils. This area has ecological importance for these forests. The purpose of this study was to characterize five Terra Rossa profiles and to relate their properties to the pedogenic processes responsible for their formation under these important forests. Five soil profiles were selected on five different elevations ranging between 200 to 350 m under natural vegetation. Soils are dominated by the influence of climate and lithology. A special classification problem has occurred for two out of five profiles (World Reference Base for Soil Resources). These soils did not meet the clay increase requested by the WRB (2006) classification system for Luvisols. But they were classified due to the high contents of clay, clay coating and infilling in the B horizons and based on field characteristics. The soil samples were examined and classified according to the systems of USDA Soil Taxonomy (2003) and WRB (2006) as Calcic Haploxeralfs and Calcic Luvisols

Heavy metal pollution in some soil and water resources of Bursa Province, Turkey

Bursa, the fourth most densely populated province in Turkey, is important to the national economy for agricultural and industrial production. During the past two decades, substantial migration into the region has increased drastically the risk of soil degradation. Urbanization and industrial development in the province have mainly occurred on soil types with land capability Class I and 2 and produce large amounts of nonbiodegradable urban and industrial waste, much of which is disposed of in the Nilufer River, the Ayvali Canal, and on agricultural land. Regulation of effluent quality disposed of to surface waters has been limited, so it was decided to conduct a preliminary survey of selected potentially toxic element (PTE) concentrations in agricultural soils and the PTEs in irrigation waters in the area to deter-mine what potential pollution and health risk may exist. The pH and concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and heavy metals were determined in water samples from along the Nilufer River, above and below the industrialized area, and one of its tributaries, the Ayvali Canal. The results indicated considerable pollution from industry and city sewage in the surface waters, which are used directly by local farmers for irrigation of adjacent fields. Total heavy metal contents of the Fluvisols and Vertisols showed that these agricultural soils were polluted with iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb). The DTPA-extractable Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in irrigated Fluvisols and Vertisols indicated that the practice caused the accumulation of the Cd and Cu in the upper parts of the soil profiles. In the longer term, irrigation of the soils with the polluted waters may damage soil, crop, and human health

Fired shards from selected ancient Anatolian ceramics: a brief review of their mineralogical nature and pedological?microstructural evolution

This review is concerned with some key features observed within grouped samples of ancient ceramics that provide important evidence concerning the selection of appropriate raw materials and the evolution of the firing technologies employed in their production. It also demonstrates the importance of distinguishing and accounting for the mineralogical and microstructural attributes and identifying the processes responsible for the microstructural evolution of these ancient ceramics. The mineralogy largely reflects both the nature of the raw materials used and the maximum temperatures achieved during firing, deduced from the presence of specific high temperature minerals (HTMs). The microstructural evolution processes, deduced by the micromorphology of these ancient ceramics and displayed in specific features, observed in both the matrix and the slip of these ceramics, are largely controlled by the firing methods used in manufacturing. Thus, we conclude that the application of micromorphological principles, methods, and observations derived from the broad sphere of ?pedology? to the study of ancient ceramics, provides valuable insights into the independent evolution of ceramic production methods in ancient societies. Thus, most of the observations recorded here concern identification of the raw materials used to make ancient ceramics and the firing processes used in their manufacture. Our data demonstrate that these ancient potters made use of a variety of temper materials (quartz and chaff, together with fragments of locally available rocks and minerals) that are now preserved in the matrix. Furthermore, analyses of the micromorphological attributes displayed by these ancient ceramics are helpful in determining and explaining the shrinkage features (stress coatings or poro-striated b-fabrics) and the preferred orientation of the elongated pores that have developed after firing in poorly controlled and slow-fired furnaces. In this regard, we finally seek to develop a useful data library ultimately targeting the enhancement of simulated ancient ceramic/pottery production, with an overall objective to apply the mineralogical and pedological properties of Anatolian ceramics researched in this work to globally selected shard specimens. Postburial processes, such as the illuviation-deposition of clay minerals to form the observed clay coatings, probably operated during the wet-dry cycles associated with mid-late Holocene climatic fluctuations. Accompanying calcification-decalcification processes, which may result from an intra cramic leaching-deposition of carbonate present in the source material of the pottery, are also consistent with the known wet-dry cycles of the mid to late Holocene pedogenesis (soil formation) episode and is reflected in the clay coatings and further attested by coeval changes in the soil-faunal activity