Marriage in Rural Philippine Households

Utilizing intergenerational data from a sample of rural households in Laguna Province, this article tests the proposition that rural families are responsive to economic conditions as choices are made regarding children’s educational needs, their location and occupation choices.rural sector, migration

The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications

Pakistan achieved high levels of Green Revolution Modern Variety (GRMV) adoption in the Green Revolution. Pakistan out-performed India and Bangladesh in the Green Revolution. Only China, among major countries, out-performed Pakistan in the Green Revolution. Pakistan does not have the food safety and environmental risk studies in place to support a regulatory environment for biotechnology. In effect, Pakistan is following the “precautionary principle” and applying it to science policy. This paper argues that this is a mistake. Pakistan is paying a “double penalty” for its inability to develop the regulatory systems required to take advantage of genetically modified (GM) crops. Not only does it lose the cost reductions enabled by GM crops, but because other countries have adopted GM crops, world prices are lower as a result and affect Pakistan’s export crops.

Marriage in Rural Philippine Households

Utilizing intergenerational data from a sample of rural households in Laguna Province, this article tests the proposition that rural families are responsive to economic conditions as choices are made regarding children’s educational needs, their location and occupation choices.rural sector, migration

Infrastructure, Output Supply and Input Demand in Philippine Agriculture: Provisional Estimates

This article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. Estimation results indicate that all technological variables exhibit a strong bias for fertilizer and tractor use. Furthermore, research shows a bias against labor use while extension and high-yielding variety highly depends on the labor sector.research and development sector, infrastructure, agriculture sector, research, econometric modeling, fertilizer industry, extension services

Impact Multiplier Policy Models for the Agricultural Sector: An Application to India

This article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. It discusses a simple type of general equilibrium policy models and illustrates its application in the Indian agriculture. Results indicate the importance of population growth to the demand of goods and supply of labor.agriculture sector, econometric modeling

Impact Multiplier Policy Models for the Agricultural Sector: An Application to India

This article has been presented at the Workshop on Methods for Agricultural Policy Analysis held at the UP Los Baños on August 13-14, 1985. It discusses a simple type of general equilibrium policy models and illustrates its application in the Indian agriculture. Results indicate the importance of population growth to the demand of goods and supply of labor.agriculture sector, econometric modeling

GMOs: Prospects for Increased Crop Productivity in Developing Countries

Genetically Modified Crops (GMO foods) have been widely available to farmers since 1996. The Gene Revolution, based on recombinant DNA (rDNA) genetic engineering techniques, is seen by proponents as both supplanting Green Revolution varieties, based on conventional plant breeding techniques, and potentially enabling "disadvantaged" production environments, unreached by Green Revolution varieties to achieve productivity improvements. This paper argues that the private firms supplying GM crop products have generally had little interest in selling products in disadvantaged production environments. The paper also argues that present rDNA techniques allow only static gains from specific "trait" improvements. But these GM products can be installed on Green Revolution varieties where continued dynamic varietal improvement is possible. As a consequence, the Gene Revolution complements the Green Revolution, and because trait incorporation expands area planted to Green Revolution varieties, there is potential for productivity improvement in disadvantaged environments.Genetically Modified Foods, Genetic Engineering

Does Intellectual Property Protection Spur Technological Change

Of the diverse factors motivating technological change, one factor that has received increasing attention in the recent past has been the protection of intellectual property rights. Given fairly recent changes in the international policy ethos where a regime of stronger intellectual property protection has become a fait accompli for most developing countries, it is of some significance to ask whether more stringent protection of intellectual property does indeed encourage innovation. And this is the question which this paper examines, utilising cross-country panel data on R&D investment, patent protection and other country-specific characteristics spanning the period 1981-1990. The evidence unambiguously indicates the significance of intellectual property rights as incentives for spurring innovation.Intellectual Property Rights, Technological Change, Economic Growth

MARKETS, institutions and family size in rural Philippine households

In poorly developed market economies, high transactions and related costs, produce a pattern of market organizations with heavy relianceon traditional institutions for handling transactions.The family is one such institution because family ties or bonds allow more efficien, tcontractual arrangementsthan do markets. The family enterprise dominates such economies. In highly developed market economies, market transactions are low cost. Competitive suppliers provide information at low cost..The public sector providesgoods and standards that facilitate transactions.Communication is low cost. In such economies the family enterprise losesits advantage in many sectorsof the economy, and market transactionsdominate economic activity. In this paper we develop a framework for explaining the transition from nonmarket to market institutions. We usethe framework to generatespecific hypotheses which are confronted, in turn, with'evidencefrom the rural Philippines. Our specific focus ison the most pervasive and important of all traditional institutions - the rural household.Institutional Economics