Criminology and War: Can violent veterans see blurred lines clearly?

Book chapte

Military Veteran Offenders: Making sense of developments in the debate to inform service delivery

In a 2008 report by the National Association for Probation Officers it was estimated that in excess of 20,000 ex-service personnel were serving a sentence in either prison or the community. Since this report, we have witnessed a steady growth in research, literature and knowledge exchange seeking to make sense of veterans' offending. This paper provides a brief overview of the key development of this debate since the recognition of the 'problem' of ex-military personnel in prison. Our discussion problematizes focussing solely on offending by suggesting that the quality of transition is in fact contingent on a more complex interplay of social, cultural and economic participation-linked factors. We propose that by considering the complexities of transition, veterans' offending is more appropriately positioned amongst wider structural challenges faced on return to civilian society. This approach informs the limited recent empirical work in this area, which has been slow to filter into mainstream criminal justice practice. It is our contention that veterans' contact with the criminal justice system needs to be understood within the broader explanatory frameworks of diversity and social inclusion. This paper makes specific recommendations, based on new developments in the veteran-offender debate, to inform service delivery to this cohort in the criminal justice system

Playing the Game? A criminological account of the making and sharing of Probationary: The Game of Life on Licence

This article reflects on the production and dissemination of Probationary: The Game of Life on Licence. Probationary is an artwork in the form of a board game that takes its players on a journey as they navigate the complexities of the probation process. This article explores the interdisciplinary collaborations that underpinned both the making and the sharing of the game and examines the benefits and challenges of working with stakeholders in this way. We suggest that creative methodologies can provide new ways of engaging with research subjects and new means of disseminating academic research with a view to informing change

The impact of life course exposures to neighbourhood deprivation on health and well-being: a review of the long-term neighbourhood effects literature

Background In this review article, we detail a small but growing literature in the field of health geography that uses longitudinal data to determine a life course component to the neighbourhood effects thesis. For too long, there has been reliance on cross-sectional data to test the hypothesis that where you live has an effect on your health and well-being over and above your individual circumstances. Methods We identified 53 articles that demonstrate how neighbourhood deprivation measured at least 15 years prior affects health and well-being later in life using the databases Scopus and Web of Science. Results We find a bias towards US studies, the most common being the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Definition of neighbourhood and operationalization of neighbourhood deprivation across most of the included articles relied on data availability rather than a priori hypothesis. Conclusions To further progress neighbourhood effects research, we suggest that more data linkage to longitudinal datasets is required beyond the narrow list identified in this review. The limited literature published to date suggests an accumulation of exposure to neighbourhood deprivation over the life course is damaging to later life health, which indicates improving neighbourhoods as early in life as possible would have the greatest public health improvement

Generation of a core set of items to develop classification criteria for Scleroderma renal crisis using consensus methodology

BACKGROUND This project was undertaken to generate a core set of items to develop classification criteria for scleroderma renal crisis (SRC) using consensus methodology. METHODS An international, multidisciplinary panel of experts was invited to participate in a 3-round Delphi exercise developed using a survey based on items identified by a scoping review. In Round 1, participants were asked to identify omissions and clarify ambiguities regarding the items in the survey. In Round 2, participants were asked to rate the validity and feasibility of the items using Likert-type scales ranging from 1-9 (1= very invalid/unfeasible, 5 = uncertain, 9 = very valid/feasible). In Round 3, participants reviewed the results and comments of Round 2, and were asked to provide final ratings. Items rated as highly valid and feasible (both median scores ≥7) in Round 3 were selected as the provisional core set of items. A consensus meeting using nominal group technique (NGT) followed to further reduce the core set of items. RESULTS Ninety-nine experts from 16 countries participated in the Delphi exercise. Of the 31 items in the survey, consensus was achieved on 13, including hypertension, renal insufficiency, proteinuria and hemolysis. Eleven experts took part in the NGT discussion, where consensus was achieved in 5 domains: blood pressure, acute kidney injury, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, target organ dysfunction, and renal histopathology. CONCLUSIONS A core set of items that characterize SRC was identified using consensus methodology. This core set will be used in future data-driven phases of this project to develop classification criteria for SRC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Copper(I) Cyanide Networks with 1-Phenylpiperazine

Aqueous reactions of copper(I) cyanide with 1-phenylpiperazine (PhPip) in the presence of KCN produce network compounds having CuCN:PhPip stoichiometries of 1:1, 3:2, and 4:1 depending on the mixing ratio used. In addition to these phases, hydrothermal synthesis yields a 5:3 network. Crystal structures of these four compounds are reported herein. The (CuCN)(PhPip) network (1) forms sheets consisting of Cu centers that coordinate all PhPip via NH only, and are linked together by μ3-cyano bridges. The (CuCN)3(PhPip)2 network (2) exists as a series of dual-chain ladders. All Cu centers are 3-coordinate and half of the PhPip ligands bridge pairs of chains using both NH and NPh, while the other PhPip are only NH bound. The (CuCN)5(PhPip)3 network (3) forms three independent sets of 1D chains: 2[(CuCN)(PhPip)]·(CuCN)3(PhPip). Both 2- and 3-coordinate copper atoms are present and all PhPip ligands bond only through NH. The (CuCN)4(PhPip) network (4) forms identical, but orthogonal, interpenetrating sheets consisting of 2- and 3-coordinate CuCN chains linked by bridging PhPip ligands. Pairwise cuprophilic interactions are seen in the 5:3 and 4:1 networks. The 3:2 compound shows visible photoluminescence associated with Cu-CN MLCT. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with cell parameters: a = 17.6123(3) Å, b = 6.89480(10) Å, c = 8.6154(2) Å, β = 96.1460(10), V = 1040.18(3) Å3, and Z = 4. Compound 2 crystallizes in the triclinic P − 1 space group with cell parameters: a = 9.93710(10) Å, b = 10.6359(2) Å, c = 12.1230(2) Å, α = 105.7110(10), β = 100.6110(10), γ = 97.7230(10), V = 1189.11(3) Å3, and Z = 2. Compound 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with cell parameters: a = 15.9018(2) Å, b = 9.38850(10) Å, c = 26.1864(3) Å, β = 104.5110(10), V = 3784.76(8) Å3, and Z = 4. Compound 4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21 space group with cell parameters: a = 13.4773(3) Å, b = 7.8460(2) Å, c = 8.5527(2) Å, β = 105.1820(10), V = 872.82(4) Å3, and Z = 2

The Association Between Informal Caregiving and Exit From Employment Among Older Workers: Prospective Findings From the UK Household Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated associations between informal caregiving and exit from paid employment among older workers in the United Kingdom. METHOD: Information on caregiving and work status for 8,473 older workers (aged 50-75 years) was drawn from five waves of Understanding Society (2009-2014). We used discrete-time survival models to estimate the associations of caring intensity and type on the probability of exiting paid work (from >0 to 0 hours/week) in the following year. Models were stratified by sex and working hours, and adjusted for age, self-rated health, long-standing illness, occupation, and partner's employment status. RESULTS: No association was found between caregiving intensity and exit from paid work. Full-time employees who provided care within the household (women and men) or cared for a partner/spouse (women only) more likely to stop working, compared to those not providing care. Women who entered a caregiving role (more than 10 hours/week) were between 2.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.46, 4.79) and 4.46 (95% CI: 2.53, 7.88) times more likely to exit work (for part-time and full-time workers, respectively), compared to women providing no care. DISCUSSION: This study highlights the onset of caregiving as a key period for older workers. Ensuring that caregiving responsibilities are adequately recognized and supported may help extend working life