An intron polymorphism of the fibronectin gene is associated with end-stage knee osteoarthritis in a Han Chinese population: two independent case-control studies

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disease involving both biomechanical and metabolic factors that alter the tissue homeostasis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The catabolic activities of extracellular matrix degradation products, especially fibronectin (FN), have been implicated in mediating cartilage degradation. Chondrocytes express several members of the integrin family which can serve as receptors for FN including integrins α5β1, αvβ3, and αvβ5. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the FN (FN-1) and integrin genes are markers of susceptibility to, or severity of, knee OA in a Han Chinese population. METHODS: Two independent case–control studies were conducted on 928 patients with knee OA and 693 healthy controls. Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of FN-1 and the integrin αV gene (ITGAV) were detected using the ABI 7500 real-time PCR system. RESULTS: The AT heterozygote in FN-1 (rs940739A/T) was found to be significantly associated with knee OA (adjusted OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.16–1.80) in both stages of the study. FN-1 rs6725958C/A and ITGAV rs10174098A/G SNPs were only associated with knee OA when both study groups were combined. Stratifying the participants by Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) score identified significant differences in the FN-1 rs6725958C/A and rs940739 A/T genotypes between patients with grade 4 OA and controls. Haplotype analyses revealed that TGA and TAA were associated with a higher risk of OA, and that TAG conferred a lower risk of knee OA in the combined population. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the FN-1 rs940739A/T polymorphism may be an important risk factor of genetic susceptibility to knee OA in the Han Chinese population

Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbal Drugs: From Heritage to Future Developments

Traditional Chinese medicineTraditional chinese medicine(TCM) refers to medicine that has been collected, processed, prepared, and applied in clinics under the guidance of TCM theory. TCM herbal drugs mainly come from natural medicinal ingredients and their processed products, including plant medicine, animal medicine, mineral drugs, and parts of chemical biological preparation. Although Chinese herbal medicinesChinese herbal medicines, composed of multiple biologically active compounds, are widely claimed to help a variety of diseases, they have not been fully accepted by mainstream medicine because of the complex nature of the formulae, as well as a lack of stringent quality controlQuality control. This chapter briefly features the heritage of TCM and discusses the potential opportunities for rationalizing and modernizing this ancient art of healing for global health care, and the technical and regulatoryRegulatorychallenges to be resolved. To date, the European Pharmacopoeia has already incorporated 75 of the 300 commonly used TCM herbal drugs, following publication of respective monographs by TCM working party of the European Directorate of Quality of Medicines and HealthCare. Through high-quality multidisciplinary collaborations between academia, clinicians, pharmaceutical industry and regulatoryRegulatoryagencies across the globe, we anticipate to harness the healing power of this two-millennium-old system of health care for establishing a novel platform of drugDrugdiscovery as well as creating an integrated personalized medicine of tomorrow