From technical and non-technical skills to hybrid minds: Reconceptualizing cognition and learning in semi-automated environments

The aim of this study is to review and compare theories and methods for studying cognition and learning in simulator-based maritime training, preparing students for work in socio-technical systems on ships that are rapidly becoming increasingly autonomous. A comparison of studies that draw on classic cognitivist theories with situated and socio-cultural theories on cognition and learning is conducted. The findings reveal tensions between different research ontologies, pointing towards the need to re-consider the dualistic view on human relations with technology underlying the technical and non-technical skills taxonomy. Instead, the notion of a hybrid mind is introduced to maritime human factors. A hybrid mind is both relying on and is shaped by its embeddedness in increasingly complex and powerful cognitive habits and technical systems. Hence, the concept serves as a compelling tool to explain how increased levels of automation continuously change both cognitive practices and capacities of humans at work