A generic emergency protocol for patients with inborn errors of metabolism causing fasting intolerance: A retrospective, single-center study and the generation of www.emergencyprotocol.net

Patients with inborn errors of metabolism causing fasting intolerance can experience acute metabolic decompensations. Long-term data on outcomes using emergency letters are lacking. This is a retrospective, observational, single-center study of the use of emergency letters based on a generic emergency protocol in patients with hepatic glycogen storage diseases (GSD) or fatty acid oxidation disorders (FAOD). Data on hospital admissions, initial laboratory results, and serious adverse events were collected. Subsequently, the website www.emergencyprotocol.net was generated in the context of the CONNECT MetabERN eHealth project following multiple meetings, protocol revisions, and translations. Representing 470 emergency protocol years, 127 hospital admissions were documented in 54/128 (42%) patients who made use of emergency letters generated based on the generic emergency protocol. Hypoglycemia (here defined as glucose concentration 5 years. Convulsions, coma, or death was not documented. By providing basic information, emergency letters for individual patients with hepatic GSD or the main FAOD can be generated at www.emergencyprotocol.net, in nine different languages. Generic emergency protocols are safe and easy for home management by the caregivers and the first hour in-hospital management to prevent metabolic emergencies in patients with hepatic GSD and medium-chain Acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. The website www.emergencyprotocol.net is designed to support families and healthcare providers to generate personalized emergency letters for patients with hepatic GSD and the main FAOD

Nonmarket strategy research: systematic literature review and future directions

In current management research, a variety of different activities are summarized under the generic term “nonmarket strategy”. Simultaneously, “sub-categories” of nonmarket strategies such as political or social strategies are treated as isolated activities, making it difficult to realize cross-concept relations or commonalities. This article bundles, maps and critically evaluates the rising number of publications in the field of nonmarket strategy research. Based on an integrative framework, we work up insights that have been developed since Baron’s (Manag Rev 37:47–65, 1995) seminal publication. Doing so, our analysis extends previous studies by including internal and external antecedents that influence the development of nonmarket strategies, by analyzing the impact of nonmarket strategies on firm performance and the possibility of strategy integration, on a national as well as multinational level. Key empirical and conceptual papers are reviewed and major findings, relationships, patterns and contradictions are revealed. By consolidating and synthesizing dispersed knowledge, we identify implications for nonmarket strategy elaboration as well as several directions for future research.