ÇEŞME KAVUNU YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FUSARİUM SOLGUNLUĞU İLE MÜCADELEDE AŞILI FİDE KULLANIM OLANAKLARININ ARAŞTIRILMASI

ÇEŞME KAVUNU YETİŞTİRİCİLİĞİNDE FUSARİUM SOLGUNLUĞU İLE MÜCADELEDE AŞILI FİDE KULLANIM OLANAKLARININ ARAŞTIRILMASI Ayşe EKEN Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bitki Koruma Anabilim Dalı Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ömer ERİNCİK 2021, 47 sayfa Çeşme Kavunu ülkemizde Urla Yarımadası’nda yetiştiriciliği yapılan yerel kavun çeşitlerinden biridir. Bu kavun çeşidinin yetiştiriciliğinde Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis’in (Fom) yol açtığı Fusarium solgunluğu hastalığı nedeniyle önemli ürün kayıpları ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çeşme Kavunu Fom’un bütün ırklarına karşı yüksek hassasiyet göstermektedir. Fusarium Solgunluğunun mücadelesinde Fom’a dayanıklı anaçlar üzerine aşılı fide kullanımı son yıllarda oldukça başarılı sonuçlar vermektedir. Bu çalışma Fom’un ırklarına dayanıklı olan bazı kavun çeşitlerinin ve kavuna yakın diğer kabakgil türlerinin anaç olarak kullanılmasıyla Fusarium Solgunluğuna dayanıklı ya da tolerant Çeşme Kavunu bitkilerinin yetiştirilme olanaklarının araştırılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada Fom’a karşı dayanıklı olduğu düşünülen ‘Sphinx RZ ’, ‘Albatros’, ‘Isabelle’, ‘Kırkağaç 637’ kavun çeşitleri ile ‘Acar’, ‘TZ-148’ adlı Cucurbita maxima X Cucurbita moschata kabak hibriti anaç olarak kullanılmıştır. ‘Çeşme 10’ çeşidi eğimli kesik yöntemi ile anaçlara aşılanmış ve uyumlu reaksiyonlarda elde edilen bitkiler Fom’un dört farklı ırkına karşı (ırk0, ırk 1, ırk2 ve ırk 1-2) test edilmiştir. Kabak anaçlardan ‘TZ-148’ ve ‘Acar’ ile aşılanan bitkiler Fom’un dört ırkına tamamıyla dayanıklı bulunmuştur. Ticari kavun anaçlar olan ‘Sphinx RZ ’, ‘Albatros’ ile aşılanan bitkilerde Fom’un ırklarına bağlı olarak hastalık meydana gelse de hastalık oranı aşısız ‘Çeşme 10’ bitkilerine göre önemli seviyede daha az bulunmuştur. Ticari anaç olmayıp dayanıklı oldukları için test edilen ‘Isabelle’ ve ‘Kırkağaç 637’ kavun çeşitlerinde hem aşı uyumu hem hastalık kontrolü istenilen seviyede olmamıştır. Sonuç olarak Çeşme kavunun yetiştiriciliğinde Fusarium solgunluk hastalığının mücadelesinde aşılı fide kullanımının alternatif yöntem olarak geliştirilme potansiyeli vardır.İÇİNDEKİLER KABUL VE ONAY SAYFASI ..............................................................................iii BİLİMSEL ETİK BİLDİRİM SAYFASI ................................................................ v ÖZET ..................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT............................................................................................................ ix ÖNSÖZ ................................................................................................................... xi ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ................................................................................................ xv ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ......................................................................................... xvi 1. GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................... 1 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ........................................................................................ 7 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM............................................................................. 18 3.1. Materyal.......................................................................................................... 18 3.2. Yöntem............................................................................................................ 19 3.2.1. Fidelerin Yetiştirilmesi ................................................................................ 19 3.2.2. Fidelerde Aşılama Çalışmaları..................................................................... 20 3.2.3. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis’in İnokulumunun Hazırlanması........... 23 3.2.4. İnokulasyon Çalışmaları .............................................................................. 24 3.2.5. Deneme Deseni ............................................................................................ 26 3.2.6. Hastalık Ölçümü ve İstatiksel Analiz........................................................... 26 4. BULGULAR...................................................................................................... 27 4.1. Aşılama Çalışmaları........................................................................................ 27 4.2. Dayanıklılık Testleri ....................................................................................... 27 5. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ .................................................................................. 35 KAYNAKLAR ...................................................................................................... 41 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ........................................................................................................... 4

Volume XLV, Number 9, October 21, 1927

9th International Meeting of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Xenobiotics(ISSX) -- SEP 04-08, 2010 -- Istanbul, TURKEYWOS: 000281147700245Int Soc Study Xenobio

Ekstrakt lovorvišnje ublažava štetno djelovanje dimetoata na reproduktivnu funkciju i apoptozu stanica u testisu štakora

Dimethoate is an organophosphorus pesticide used against agricultural insects, which causes oxidative stress and damage in many organs, including the reproductive ones. Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) fruit is rich in vitamins and phenolic compounds with antioxidant effect. The aim of this study was to investigate how effective its extract would be against dimethoate-induced testis and sperm damage in rats. Sixty animals were divided in six groups of 10. Group 1 (control) received only 1 mL of saline (0.9 % NaCl). Group 2 received 7 mg/kg of dimethoate in 1 mL of saline. Group 3 received 4 mg/kg of extract in 1 mL of saline. Group 4 received the extract 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 5 received vitamin C (positive control, 100 mg/kg in 1 mL of saline) 30 min before dimethoate administration. Group 6 received only dimethoate for the first four weeks and then a combination of dimethoate and extract for another four weeks. All doses were administered daily by oral gavage. After eight weeks of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their reproductive organs removed. We took their body and reproductive organ weights and evaluated testicular oxidative stress, semen characteristics, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and histopathological changes. Dimethoate significantly decreased body and reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and concentration, testicular superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-peroxidase activities and significantly increased lipid peroxidation, abnormal sperm rate, sperm DNA damage, testicular apoptosis, and caused histopathological lesions. Cherry laurel extract significantly countered many dimethoate-induced adverse effects, both as pre- and post-treatment, including reproductive organ weight, semen parameters, oxidant-antioxidant balance, sperm DNA integrity, testicular apoptosis, and histological structure. Our findings clearly suggest that the beneficial effects of the extract are associated with countering oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation in particular.Dimetoat je organofosforni insekticid koji uzrokuje oksidacijski stres i oštećuje mnoge organe, uključujući reproduktivne. Plod lovorvišnje (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) bogat je vitaminima i fenolnim spojevima s antioksidacijskim djelovanjem. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio utvrditi djelotvornost njegova ekstrakta protiv oštećenja testisa i spermija u mužjaka štakora izloženih dimetoatu. Njih 60 podijeljeno je nasumce u šest skupina od deset životinja. Prva je (kontrolna) skupina primala samo 1 mL fiziološke otopine (0,9 % NaCl), druga skupina 7 mg/kg dimetoata u 1 mL fiziološke otopine, treća skupina 4 mg/kg ekstrakta lovorvišnje u 1 mL fiziološke otopine, četvrta skupina ekstrakt 30 minuta prije primjene dimetoata, peta skupina vitamin C (pozitivna kontrola, 100 mg/kg u 1 mL fiziološke otopine) 30 min prije primjene dimetoata, a šesta skupina primala je dimetoat u prva četiri tjedna, potom kombinaciju dimetoata i ekstrakta lovorvišnje u sljedeća četiri tjedna. Sve navedene doze davane su svaki dan gavažom. Nakon osam tjedana primjene, štakori su eutanazirani, a njihovi reproduktivni organi odstranjeni. Izmjerena im je ukupna tjelesna masa i masa reproduktivnih organa te ocijenjen oksidacijski stres u testisima, značajke sjemena, oštećenja DNA spermija, apoptoza u testisima i histopatološke promjene. Dimetoat je značajno smanjio masu tijela i organa, gibljivost i koncentraciju spermija te aktivnost superoksid dismutaze i glutation-peroksidaze, a značajno povisio lipidnu peroksidaciju, postotak abnormalnih spermija, oštećenje DNA spermija, apoptozu u testisima te uzrokovao histopatološke promjene tkiva. Ekstrakt lovorvišnje značajno je ublažio te štetne učinke, bilo da je davan prije ili nakon dimetoata. Naši rezultati jasno upućuju na blagotvorno djelovanje toga ekstrakta, koje je povezano sa zaštitom od oksidacijskoga stresa, napose od lipidne peroksidacije

Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in patients with chronic hepatitis C patients before and after pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin therapy

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress could play a role in pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The aim of our study is to determine oxidant/antioxidant status of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), and the effect of pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy on oxidative stress. METHODS: Nineteen patients with chronic HCV infection and 28 healthy controls were included in the study. In control and patient groups, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, erythrocyte CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were measured. After pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin combination therapy for 48 weeks, these parameters were measured again in the patient group. RESULTS: Serum MDA levels increased significantly in CHC patients (n:19), before the treatment when compared with healthy subjects (n:28) 9.28 ± 1.61, 4.20 ± 1.47 nmol/ml, p < 0.001 respectively. MDA concentration decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after the treatment as well as ALT, AST activity, in erythrocytes of these patients. Average antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) were significantly lower in erythrocytes of patients with CHC before treatment compared with the control group (both, p < 0.001). Chronic Hepatitis C patients after pegylated interferon alfa-2b and ribavirin therapy showed values of SOD, GSH-Px were significantly higher than pretreatment levels (both, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our results show that patients with chronic HCV infection are under the influence of oxidative stress associated with lower levels of antioxidant enzymes. These impairments return to level of healthy controls after pegylated interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin combination therapy of CHC patients. Although interferon and ribavirin are not antioxidants, their antiviral capacity might reduce viral load, and inflammation, and perhaps through this mechanism might reduce virus-induced oxidative stress

Utjecaj desflurana i sevoflurana na razine oksidativnog stresa u tkivima štakora

General anaesthetics are often used in patients who are under oxidative stress due to a critical illness or surgical trauma. Some anaesthetics may worsen oxidative stress and some may act as antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate liver, brain, kidney, and lung tissue oxidative stress in rats exposed to desflurane and sevoflurane and in unexposed rats. The animals were divided in three groups: control (received only air); sevoflurane (8 %), and desflurane (4 %). After four hours of exposure, we evaluated the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), Cu, and Zn. Exposure to either of the anaesthetics significantly increased lung MDA levels compared to control (Mann-Whitney U test; P<0.05), probably because it is the tissue directly exposed to anaesthetic gases. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity in other tissues varied between the desflurane and sevoflurane groups. Our results suggest that anaesthesiologist should not only be aware of the oxidative or antioxidative potential of anaesthetics they use, but should also base their choices on organs which are the most affected by their oxidative actionkisikovih radikala tako i zbog smanjene aktivnosti obrambenih sustava koji se mogu oduprijeti njihovu djelovanju. Stoga su saznanja o antioksidativnom kapacitetu anestetika koji se primjenjuju prije nekoga kirurškog zahvata vrlo važna i od velikog su kliničkog značenja. Sevofl uran i desfl uran su inhalacijski anestetici koji se učestalo rabe u svrhu uvođenja bolesnika u anesteziju. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razine oksidativnog stresa u različitim tkivima štakora i usporediti razlike u odgovoru tkiva na izlaganje navedenim anesteticima. U tu svrhu razine oksidativnog stresa izmjerili smo u jetri, mozgu, bubrezima i plućima štakora podijeljenih u tri eksperimentalne skupine. Kontrolna skupina udisala je samo zrak, dok su druge dvije skupine izložene 8 %-tnomu sevofl uranu te 4 %-tnomu desfl uranu tijekom 4 h. Nakon završetka obrade životinje su žrtvovane i uzimani su im uzorci tkiva za biokemijske analize. Mjerena je razina malondialdehida (MDA), aktivnst enzima superoksid dismutaze (SOD) i glutation peroksidaze (GSH-Px) te razine bakra i cinka. Izloženost anesteticima izazvala je oksidativni stres u plućima, na što upućuje značajno povišena razina MDA (Mann-Whitney U-test P<0.05) izmjerena u plućnom tkivu štakora obiju izloženih skupina u odnosu na kontrolu. Plućno je tkivo u odnosu na ostala tkiva podložnije štetnim utjecajima reaktivnih kisikovih radikala vjerojatno stoga što je ono prvo izloženo plinovitim anesteticima nakon njihova ulaska u organizam. Razine oksidativnog stresa i antioksidativne aktivnosti koje smo izmjerili u ostalim tkivima bile su različite te su ovisile o primijenjenom anestetiku. Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da bi se zbog različitog odgovora tkiva izbor anestetika trebao provoditi na individualnoj osnovi